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  The first permanent English colony.
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  Champlain established French colony of Quebec.
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  Galileo sees the moons of Jupiter through his telescope.
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  Gustavus Adolphus was elected King of Sweden.
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  John Napier discovers logarithms.
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  Start of the Thirty Years' War > Protestants revolt against Catholic oppression; Denmark, Sweden, and France will invade Germany in later phases of war. Kepler proposes last of three laws of planetary motion.
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  Pilgrims, after three-month voyage in Mayflower, land at Plymouth Rock.
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  Inquisition forces Galileo (astronomer) to recant his belief in Copernican theory
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  Taj Mahal completed.
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  English Civil War. Cavaliers, supporters of Charles I, against Roundheads, parliamentary forces. Oliver Cromwell defeats Royalists
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  End of the Thirty Years' War. German population about half of what it was in 1618 because of war and pestilence
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  Cromwell dies; son Richard resigns and Puritan government collapses.
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  Protestants fear restoration of Catholicism and demand “Glorious Revolution.”
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  The beginning of the Nine Years War
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  Peter the Great becomes Czar of Russia—attempts to westernize nation and build Russia as a military power.
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  End of the Nine years war
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  Sweden Emperor fleed to Ottoman after defeated by Peter the Great of Russia
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  Frederick crowned King of Prussia
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  Death of Peter the Great of Russia
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  Death of Sir Isaac Newton (scientist)
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  U.S. Bill of Rights ratified
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  Louis XIV and Marie Antoinette beheaded