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Period: Feb 10, 1299 to
Ottoman Dynasty
-The sultan was the sole and absolute regent, head of state and head of government of the empire
-"House of Osman"
-With the Conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the road was open for the Ottoman state to become an empire -
Period: Feb 11, 1340 to
Songhay Empire
-was a state located in western Africa
-was one of the largest Islamic empires in history
-capital was the city of Gao
-base of power was on the bend of the Niger River
-Government: Monarchy
-took advantage of the Mali Empire's decline and successfully asserted its independence -
Period: Feb 8, 1394 to Feb 8, 1460
Prince Henry the Navigator
-In 1418, at Sagres, Portugal he started the first school for oceanic navigation
-He sent many sailing expeditions down Africa's west coast; their purpose was to defeat the muslims, spread christianity, and establish trade routes -
Period: Feb 10, 1450 to Feb 10, 1500
Beginning of Portuguese Slave Trade
-Portuguese found they could make considerable amounts of gold transporting slaves
-Muslim merchants had an insatiable appetite for slaves that were used as porters on the trans-Saharan routes and for sale in the Islamic Empire. -
Period: Feb 11, 1451 to Feb 11, 1481
Reign of Mehmed the Conqueror
-hie main goal was to siege Constantinople
-was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire twice
-he conquered Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire
-Anatolian reunification, and in Europe, as far as Bosnia and Croatia -
Period: Feb 11, 1464 to Feb 11, 1492
Reign of Sunni Ali
-was the first king of the Songhai Empire
-infantry and cavalry many cities were captured and then fortified, such as Timbuktu (captured in 1468) and Djenné (captured in 1475)
-conducted a repressive policy against the scholars of Timbuktu -
Period: Nov 10, 1483 to Feb 18, 1564
Martin Luther
-was a German monk, priest, professor of theology and seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation
-his translation of the Bible into the vernacular made it more accessible, causing a tremendous impact on the church and on German culture -
Oct 10, 1487
Dias' Voyage into Indian Ocean
-an expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa in the hope of finding a trade route to India
-Dias was in charge of searching for the lands ruled by Prester John (fabled Christian priest and ruler) -
Aug 3, 1492
Columbus' first voyage
-Columbus departed from Castilian Palos de la Frontera with three ships
-he first sailed to the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa ruled by the Crown of Castile
- indigenous people he met in their homelands were peaceful and friendly
-visited San Salvador in the Bahamas (which he was convinced was Japan), Cuba (which he thought was China) and Hispaniola (where he found gold) -
Jun 7, 1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
-signed at Tordesillas, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain along a meridian 370 leagues
- lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Spain
-intended to resolve the dispute that had been created following the return of Christopher Columbus and his crew -
Period: Feb 11, 1495 to Feb 11, 1566
Suleyman the Magnificent
-a fierce conqueror of the Islamic religion
-Turks led by Suleyman captured Belgrade
-He then turned his attention toward the island of Rhodes, where lay a fortification of Christian knights
-strengthened his military
- his complete reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system -
Period: Feb 11, 1502 to
Safavid Dynasty
-was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran
-established the Twelver school of Shi'a Islam as the official religion of their empire, turning points in Muslim history
-ne of the Islamic "gunpowder empires" -
Period: Jul 10, 1509 to May 27, 1564
John Calvin
-an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation
-involved in the development of the system of Christian theology(Calvinism)
-published the first edition of his Institutio Christianae Religionis or Institutes of the Christian Religion -
Period: Apr 21, 1519 to Feb 11, 1521
Spanish Conquest of Mexico
-was one of the most significant events in the Spanish colonization of the Americas
-a coalition army of Spanish conquistadors and Tlaxcalan warriors led by Hernán Cortés and Xicotencatl the Younger captured Tenochtitlan -
Period: Feb 10, 1526 to
Mughal Dynasty
-origin that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century
-notable for its more than two centuries of effective rule over much of India, for the ability of its rulers, who through seven generations maintained a record of unusual talent, and for its administrative organization -
Period: Sep 27, 1540 to
Foundation of Society of Jesus
-is a Christian male religious order of the Roman Catholic Church
-Members: known as Jesuits and as "God's Marines"
-Ignatius founded the society after being wounded in battle and experiencing a religious conversion
-consecrated under the patronage of Madonna Della Strada, a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and it is led by a Superior General -
Period: Feb 10, 1545 to Feb 10, 1563
Council of Trent
- Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church -convened in Trento, Italy, capital of the Prince-Bishopric of Trent -Council issued condemnations on what it defined as Protestant heresies at the time of the Reformation and defined Church teachings
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Period: Feb 11, 1556 to
Reign of Akbar
-was the third Mughal Emperor
-1605 the Mughal empire covered most of northern and central India
-exercised tolerance towards non-Islamic faiths by rolling back some of the strict sharia laws
-believe that war elephants were the keys to military success -
Period: Feb 15, 1564 to
Galileo Galilei
-was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution
-telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism
-"father of science"
-observation and analysis of sunspots -
Period: Feb 11, 1572 to
Reign of Emperor Wanli
-His era name means "Ten thousand calendars"
-His rule of forty-eight years was the longest in the Ming dynasty and it witnessed the steady decline of the dynasty.
-Defense against the Mongols
-Yang Yinlong rebellion
-became disenchanted with the moralistic attacks and counterattacks of officials, becoming thoroughly alienated from his imperial role -
Spanish Armada
-was the Spanish fleet that sailed against England under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia
-intention of overthrowing Elizabeth I of England and putting an end to her involvement in the Spanish Netherlands and in privateering in the Atlantic and Pacific -
Period: to
Tokugawa Shogunate
-was a feudal Japanese military government
-heads of government were the shoguns
-bakuhan taisei: was the feudal political system in the Edo period of Japan -
Period: to
Thirty Years' War
-was a series of wars principally fought in Central Europe, involving most of the countries of Europe
-no single cause can accurately be described as the main reason for the fighting
-a religious war between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire
-one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, and one of the longest continuous wars in modern history -
Period: to
John Locke
-English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers
-Father of Classical Liberalism
-his contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence -
Period: to
Qing Dynasty
-was the last imperial dynasty of China, abortive restoration in 1917
-founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in contemporary Northeastern China
-Aisin Gioro leader, Nurhachi, who was originally a vassal of the Ming emperors, began unifying the Jurchen clans in the late sixteenth century -
Period: to
Peace of Westphalia
-a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster
-ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648)
-The Treaty of Münster
-The Treaty of Osnabrück -
Period: to
Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
-was a famous Muslim who was a victim of the Atlantic slave trade -
Period: to
Seven Years War
-was a world war
-involved most of the great powers of the time and affected Europe, North America, Central America, the West African coast, India, and the Philippines
-war ended with the peace treaties of Paris (Bourbon France and Spain, Great Britain) and of Hubertusburg (Hohenzollerns, Habsburgs, Saxon elector) in 1763
-Great Britain expelled its French and Spanish rivals in the contested overseas territories -
Establishment of 1st colony in Australia
-enable the mother country to exploit the riches of those regions
-instead od slaves convict labour was used as a cheap and economically viable alternative -
Period: to
Haitian Revolution
-a slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue
-culminated in the elimination of slavery there and the founding of the Haitian republic -
End of British Slave Trade
-Slave Trade Act: act of Parliament made in the United Kingdom, it's title "An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade"
-act abolished the slave trade in the British Empire