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the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed.
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- Sumerians developed bronze by adding tin to copper.
- They developed the wagon wheel.
- They created the sundial to keep time.
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the wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit, surviving mainly impressed on clay tablets. -
they colonized Europe with wheel vehicles, horse-riding, and chariots, and their language went on to influence many of today's languages including german, greek, english, spanish, etc.
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The Minoans were an early Greek civilization of the Bronze Age, living on the island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea until around the 11th century BCE. They were named after the mythical King Minos, a son of Zeus, by British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans. https://study.com/academy/lesson/minoan-civilization-facts-map-timeline.html#:~:text=The%20Minoans%20were%20an%20early,British%20archaeologist%20Sir%20Arthur%20Evans.
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The Code of Hammurabi is a Babylonian legal text composed during 1755–1750 BC. It is the longest, best-organized, and best-preserved legal text from the ancient Near East. The Code is important because it influenced other rulers like the Roman ruler Justinian. The statutes defined legal obligations and reparations in civil, family, and criminal law. Hammurabi Code examples include statutes that provided severe punishment for criminals, sometimes even death.
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Mesopotamia—“the land between two rivers”—gave birth to many of the world’s first great cities. The splendid city of Babylon, located between the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris some 97 kilometers (60 miles) south of Baghdad, was one of them. Unlike the many towns that fell and disappeared, Babylon was resilient, rising from its own ashes time and again, even as new conquerors invaded and took over. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/beautiful-babylon-jewel-ancient-world/
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Wu killed the Shang king and established a new dynasty because the Shang lacked strong leaders and grew weak.
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The time period after the dark age in Greece when the Dorians invaded and conquered and many skills were lost and poverty increased.
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The Chaldeans, who lived in the ancient city of Babylon, formed an alliance with the Medes from the east. The alliance captured Nineveh (the Assyrian capital) and brought down the Assyrian Empire. (World History Topics)
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Was the leader of Athens around 600 BC. He had very harsh rules that were written down. People finally knew what the rules were, it wasn't just made up by the Aristocrats, but also since they were so harsh, we now have the current word, Draconian.
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Canceled land debts and freed debtors from slavery
limits on the amount of land 1 person has.
Promoted trade, urged farmers to grow cash crops not grain.
Promoted industry, ordered fathers to teach sons a skill
extended citizenship to foreigners who were artisans
political reforms and got Athens to be democratic/aristocratic
citizens of all classes participate in Assembly and public law courts
a council was established to draft measures that went to assembly for approval and it had 400 people. -
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Pushed reforms in a radical direction and divided large estates among landless farmers and extended citizenship to men who did not own land and provided poor people with loans and put many of them to work building temples and public works.
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The Persians, under Cyrus II, came from the mountains to the northeast and seized Babylon. They then conquered the rest of the Chaldean Empire. (World History Topics)
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During the 540s BC, Cyrus had developed a strong army, conquered the Medes, and advanced into neighboring lands. He added northern Mesopotamia, Syria, Canaan, and the Phoenician cities to his empire. He also took over the kingdom of Lydia and the Greek city-states in Asia Minor. In 525 BC, Cyrus's son Cambyses conquered Egypt, bringing all of the Middle East under Persian control. (World History Topics)
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Established democracy with laws. Sought to end local rivalries, break power of aristocracy and recognize structure of Athenian government. Assembly won powers and was the major political body. All citizens could belong to it. they were equal before the law and had freedom of speech. Regular people could be in government. A person could be exiled if he was a political guy and enough people voted him gone. (World History)
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The war between Sparta + the Anti-Athens alliance and the Athenian empire. Sparta won.
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The three centuries of Greek history between the death of the Macedonian king Alexander the Great in 323 B.C.E. and the rise of Augustus in Rome in 31 B.C.E. are collectively known as the Hellenistic period
(colorado.edu) -
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It connected Rome with southeastern Italy.
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War between Carthage and Rome over the strait of Messina, a passage between Sicily and Italy. Rome won
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Hannibal led the Carthaginians against Scipio and Romans. They fought over land and Rome won.
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Rome decided to force war on Carthage. The Romans burned Carthage and sold its surviving population into slavery. Rome won obviously and had complete control over the western Mediterranean.
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An army of 70,000 slaves led by the slave Spartacus plundered the Italian countryside in an effort to win freedom. With great difficulty, the Romans finally crushed the uprising and killed about 6,000 of Spartacus's followers. Putting down revolts cost Rome troops and money and placed a strain on its resources.
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He was one of Rome's greatest generals and political leaders. He carried out social reforms to help the poor. He also brought about the calendar that was used in western Europe until early modern times. He gave citizenship to people outside of Italy in the provinces and helped end the Roman Republic.
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- The rise of Augustus Caesar as dictator led to the fall of the Roman Republic.
- Slaves replacing the workers leading to mass unemployment did too.
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He rebuilt the city of Rome and became a great patron of the arts. he introduced many reforms to the empire
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Roman Peace
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Last of the five Good Emperors of Rome
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Political disorder led to fall of Rome
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Helped handle Rome's weakening political and economic state after inflation hit hard.
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Helped stabilize the roman empire by reinforcing Diocletian's stuff. He also made a bunch of jobs hereditary to keep farmers making food because of the shortage.
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The Roman Emperor, Constantine, build Constantinople in 330. In AD 400, it was the richest part of the Roman Empire
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From late 300s to late 400s AD.
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Became byzantine empire in the east and roman empire in the west.
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Roman Empire divided with the eastern half becoming the Byzantine Empire. It's capital was Constantinople. -
Ended when their leader died.
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In AD 410, after centuries of ruling the distant province of Britain, the Roman Empire, burdened by escalating military threats, political instability, and economic challenges, decided to withdraw its forces and administration from the island. By the early 5th century, the Roman Empire could no longer defend itself against either internal rebellion or the external threat of Germanic tribes expanding in Western Europe. Basically when Rome declined, Anglo Saxons took control.
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Wasn't really when Rome fell, it was gradual. but since Odoacer called himself a king and didn't name a substitute emperor, it is known as the fall of the Roman Empire.
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The Middle Ages led to many developments such as
1. a rise of a money economy (the idea of banking was developed)
2. trade expanded and led to a high in Venice, Pisa, and Genoa
3. a heavier plow was developed which made it faster and easier to plow, and possible to use horses
4. guilds were created which protected artists and merchants and the quality of their goods
5. education became more popular, and nuns and monks taught reading, writing, arithmetic, Latin, etc. -
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Justinian had scholars codify their laws and over six years, 10 scholars put them together into the Corpus of Civil law. They threw out outdated laws and simplified many, and what they put together remains a basis for most European legal systems.
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After Muhammad died, Caliphs were the new leaders of the Muslims. They were originally related to Muhammad but that changed later. The first four were known as the "Rightly Guided Caliphs." They wanted to protect and spread Islam. They conquered land and weakened the Persian and Byzantine Empires and eventually the Persian Empire was under Muslim control. These conquests were called jihads, and they were the holy struggle to bring Islam to other lands, which justified it in their eyes. -
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Vikings from Scandinavia invaded Carolingian kingdoms (Charlemagnes land in Europe basically just excluding Spain.)
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The system was based on land being given to nobles by monarchs in exchange for loyalty and military aid. Land came with peasants and power.
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It was one of Europe's largest medieval and early modern states, but its power base was unstable and continually shifting. The Holy Roman Empire was not a unitary state, but a confederation of small and medium-sized political entities.
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Seljuk Turks, Muslims from central Asia, took Jerusalem. It was a holy land to them because that is where Muhammad ascended to heaven. They took it in the late 1000s and it created chaos in Palestine. They also threatened the Byzantine Empire, especially Constantinople.
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Political and geographical and doctrinal differences led to this separation, especially when the pope gave Charlemagne, the Frankish leader, the title of emperor, which he wasn't allowed to do.
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Pope Urban II asked for a volunteer army to take Palestine and Jerusalem back from the Seljuks, the Muslims of central Asia. Three armies traveled through western Europe and they killed many Jews and met in Constantinople. Jerusalem fell and they massacred most of its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants.
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Seljuks conquered part of the Crusader states in Palestine. The monk Bernard of Clairvaux persuaded King Louis VII of France and the Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III to lead armies to Palestine. They were defeated by the Seljuks easily because the two quarreled and were ineffective in military.
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Mid-1200s B.C.
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Saladin united the Muslim forces and captured Jerusalem in 1187. Holy Roman Emperor, King France, King England assembled warriors for the Third Crusade. Failed. Emperor died on the way and his army went home. French King returned to France before his army even met Jerusalem. King Richard of England continued alone. He won several battles but couldn't win completely and instead signed a truce with the Muslim Seljuks and tried to persuade Saladin to return Jerusalem to the Christians. He said no.
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Ghengis Khan, a Mongol leader, organized Mongol armies and created a large empire. They took over some steppe peoples, and eventually China. This happened in the early 1200s. -
Crusaders, instead of going to Jerusalem, attacked the Christian city of Constantinople. They burned and destroyed and stole and left a bitterness between Eastern Orthodox world and Western Europe. Weakened Byzantine Empire severely making the later Muslim advance into eastern Europe possible.
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A few important ideas:
1. Intellectual movement of humanism. It included the dignity and worth of the individual, as well as the idea of human improvement through developing skills and talents like politics, sports, and arts. It wasn't religious.
2. Artists studied and worked with perspective and depth, also learning more about human anatomy and expression. They created realistic paintings on damp plaster, known as as frescoes. -
This happened as a result of the fall of Constantinople, who had before had the leadership of the Eastern Orthodox religion. These were the Byzantinians. -
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The Protestant Reformation was a religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s. It resulted in the creation of a branch of Christianity called Protestantism, a name used collectively to refer to the many religious groups that separated from the Roman Catholic Church due to differences in doctrine. Started with Martin Luther in 1517 and his 95 Theses.
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John Calvin, a reformer, set up a church of 12 elders that was given the power to control almost every aspect of people's daily lives.
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She was Protestant and put this back as the religion of the country, but also included some Catholic ideas. The people were pretty happy with this mix especially after Bloody Mary who was the last queen. The only people who weren't happy were the Puritans who wanted their religion to be pure and not with the new Catholic stuff, so they branched off and became influential in the church and in parliament.
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Europe's new thinkers developed scientific thinking, and challenged the science of the times. Galileo, Bacon, Descartes, Newton, Copernicus, Kepler, and many more were such thinkers.
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1: 1% population
Higher/Lower Clergy Bishops and Abbots
5-10% of land. Received 10% income tax on each church member (tithe) Parish priests socially part of third estate. Carried out religious duties, ran schools, cared for the poor. 2: Nobility. 2% of population 25% of land. Lived in palace at Versailles or lavish feudal homes. Government and military officials 3 Peasants and artisans and bourgeoisie members (middle class) Few political rights/privileges. Towns and slums 40% of land. -
cotton gin
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ended British slave trade and slavery in British empire
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limited working hours for women and children. was an evangelical like william wilberforce (movement that joined personal faith with social improvement)
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Great writer of the 19th century. Wrote Great Expectations and Scrooge and others.
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Desire for New Markets
Seeking New Opportunities
Treaties
Purchases
Military Conquest -
painter who used bright colors and distorted forms to make intense emotional statements.
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Telephone
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Lightbulb
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Discovered the highly radioactive element of radium and proved that it emits energy.
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Developed theory of relativity, changing ideas about time, space, mass, and motion
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Airplane
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Causes:
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
Militarism
Alliances Events:
Battle of he Marne
Verdun and the Somme
Trench Warfare -
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Democratic Republic in Germany. Accepted Treaty of Versailles.
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Hiroshima
Nagasaki
Hitler
Holocaust
Mussolini -
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