-
Period: 3100 BCE to 2270 BCE
The Old Kingdom
The Old Kingdom was about 3100-2270 B.C. "The original Egyptians were descendants of Ham through Mizraim." (Ignitia.com Editors). A ancient tribal political establishment known as the "nome." Nome is from the Greek word nomos, which means law. (Ignitia.com Editors). -
3000 BCE
The Development of the First Greek Civilization
Around 3000 B.C., the first Greek civilisation arose (Ignitia.com Editors). Knossos was its capital. Sir Arthur Evans, an English archaeologist, explored the ruins of King Minos of Knossos' palace in the early twentieth century. This palace was one of the most significant archaeological finds in recent history (Ignitia.com Editors). -
2700 BCE
The Flood From God
The Biblical account of the Flood is found in Genesis, chapters 6 through 10. In Genesis 6:1 through 7, God's reasons for sending a flood are given (Ignitia.com Editors). -
2334 BCE
Sargon's Reign
In 2400 B.C. "the Akkadian ruler Sargon conquered Sumer and controlled an empire from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea" (Ignitia.com Editors). He conquered all of southern Mesopotamia as well as sections of Syria, Anatolia, and Elam, making him one of the world's first great empire builders (western Iran). Dalley, Stephanie Mary. "Sargon". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Jan. 2021, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sargon. Accessed 24 August 2021. -
Period: 2060 BCE to 1785 BCE
The Middle Kingdom
The Middle Kingdom was from 2060- 1785 B.C. (Ignitia.com Editors). Some date 2060 B.C. as the Beginning of the Middle Kingdom; others date it around 2134 B.C. There might of been some overlap with the Old and Middle Kingdom periods. (Ignitia.com Editors) The pharaohs began to lose control of the nobles after the death of Pepi II, who ruled Memphis for ninety-four years. Independent princes ruled their own nomes according to their own preferences (Ignitia.com Editors). -
1800 BCE
The Hittite Empire Arose
In Asia Minor, the Hittite kingdom originated around 1800 B.C. and lasted until about 1200 B.C. (Ignitia.com Editors). The Hittites are known for their own set of laws, which are based on Deuteronomy and the Ten Commandments (Ignitia.com Editors). -
Period: 1580 BCE to 1085 BCE
The New Kingdom
The New Kingdom, also called The Empire was 1580-1085 B.C. "During this era Egypt reached the zenith of its strength and position as a world power." (Ignitia.com Editors) Hatshepsut, the widow of Thutmose II, the daughter of Thutmose I, and stepmother and regent to Thutmose III, was one of Egypt's most colorful rulers during this time. (Ignitia.com Editors). -
1100 BCE
A Violent Invasion by the Dorians
Around 1100 B.C., the Dorians launched a more aggressive invasion (Ignitia.com Editors). Some of these individuals settled on the Greek Peninsula's higher reaches (Ignitia.com Editors). Others sacked Mycenae after crossing the Gulf of Corinth into the Peloponnesus (Ignitia.com Editors). Many of the residents fled, some to Attica, which had avoided most of the invasion due to its rough land. Others escaped to Asia Minor's shore, which became known as Ionia (Ignitia.com Editors). -
700 BCE
Assyria Rises
During the years of empire. (Ignitia.com Editors). Assyria ruled a vast realm that stretched from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea and from the Caucasus to the Nile during its kingdom (about 700 B.C.). As a result, Assyria ruled over key territories such as the Tigris-Euphrates valley, the Fertile Crescent, and Palestine (Ignitia.com Editors). -
626 BCE
Assyria's Fall
Assyria ruled Babylon until November 22, 626 B.C., when Nabopolassar ascended to the throne and beginning what would be Babylon's finest age (Ignitia.com Editors). At Sallat in 627 B.C., Nabopolassar defeated the Assyrians, and at Der in 623 B.C., he destroyed them even more decisively. He had driven them between the Tigris and the Euphrates by 616 B.C. (Ignitia.com Editors). -
612 BCE
The Domination of the Chaldean Empire
From 612 until 539 B.C., the Neo-Babylonian (or Chaldean) Empire ruled the Near East (Ignitia.com Editors). During the conquests of this period, the Hebrew Daniel was kidnapped and sent to Babylon, where he prospered under Nebuchadnezzar's authority. The Neo-Babylonians reconstructed the ancient world and restored Babylon to its former splendour. Their accomplishments were documented in an old manuscript, called Babylonian Chronicles
(Ignitia.com Editors). -
587 BCE
The Falling of Jerusalem
Following this, the young ruler was kidnapped and imprisoned for the remainder of his life. In 587 B.C., (Ignitia.com Editors). Jerusalem fell and was destroyed. Those who remained in the city were taken prisoner, while those who remained in the Judaean countryside were placed under the rule of Gedaliah, a royal governor. Some were able to flee to Egypt (Ignitia.com Editors). -
550 BCE
The Beginning of Cyrus the Great
In the year 550 B.C., a new world leader arose (Ignitia.com Editors). Cyrus (often referred to as Cyrus the Great) was the king of the Medo-Persian Empire. He conquered Lydia and the Ionian Greek towns along the Aegean Sea coast in 546 B.C. The Lydian king had ruled over the Ionian cities; now they had to surrender to Cyrus. Then Cyrus went on to conquer Babylonia ( 539 B.C.)(Ignitia.com Editors). -
480 BCE
The Persians Attack
The Persians struck again in 480 B.C. under Xerxes, but were destroyed by Sparta and Athens' united strength (Ignitia.com Editors). The Greek land forces were provided by the Spartans, and the Athenians sent their fleet. At the narrow pass of Thermopylae, a troop of 300 Spartans, loyal Helots, sought to resist a more greater Persian army. The Greeks held out for three days, but the Persians were ultimately able to locate the Spartan rear and surprise the Greeks (Ignitia.com Editors). -
359 BCE
Philip: The Conqueror of Macedonia
Years of conflict have damaged all of Greece's states (Ignitia.com Editors). In Macedonia's north, a conqueror loomed. At the age of 23, Philip became monarch of the Macedonian state in 359 B.C. Philip was a huge fan of Greek culture, and he even hired Aristotle to educate his son (Ignitia.com Editors). He was, nevertheless, a man with a lot of ambition. Philip captured the towns between Macedonia and the Adriatic Sea, establishing a port for Macedonia (Ignitia.com Editors). -
326 BCE
Alexander the Great's Crossing
Alexander the Great crossed into India in 326 B.C. (Ignitia.com Editors). Because of the distance from his Greek homeland, he didn't stay very long (Ignitia.com Editors). -
256 BCE
The Rise & Falling of the Zhou Dynasty
The Zhou (or Chou) dynasty granted supporters fiefs, which were later divided into feudal kingdoms controlled by nobles throughout their territory (Ignitia.com Editors). As a result of this practice, the Chou era became known as the "Era of Contending States." The Chin dynasty eventually deposed the Chou dynasty ( 256- 202 B.C.) (Ignitia.com Editors). -
200 BCE
The Rise & Falling of the Chin Dynasty
"The Chin dynasty was overthrown in 200 B.C. by a general who began the Han dynasty" (Ignitia.com Editors). The Chou dynasty was eventually deposed by the Chin dynasty (256-202 B.C. ), whose government was centralized and strong. The first emperor, Shih Huang Ti, was an autocratic tyrant who destroyed much old Chinese scholarship, particularly that of Confucianist intellectuals. To secure his realm from northern Asian tribes (Ignitia.com Editors). -
220
Kushans Ruling of Northwestern India
The Kushans, one of the invading tribes, governed northwestern India and parts of Afghanistan after a period of instability (Ignitia.com Editors). Their reign lasted till 220 A.D (Ignitia.com Editors). -
220
The Rise & Falling of the Han Dynasty
Until 220 A.D., the Hans reigned. Wu Ti, the Warrior Ruler, was perhaps the most important Han emperor ( 140- 87 B.C.)(Ignitia.com Editors). He conquered the Huns and established cultural ties with the West. He was in charge of the Pax Sinica, the Chinese version of Augustus Caesar's Pax Romana, a 200-year period of peace (Ignitia.com Editors). -
354
Augustine of Hippo
Possibly the most well-known church father (ignitia.com Editors). He converted to Christianity, studied under Ambrose, and published a number of writings that have affected Christians, including the Confessions, The City of God, and a work on the Trinity (ignitia.com Editors). -
480
Boethius
Philosopher who wrote about Christian faith and summarized the classics (ignita.com Editors). Boethius authored his most renowned work, the Consolation of Philosophy, while imprisoned by Theodoric (ignita.com Editors). It was a popular book throughout the Middle Ages (ignita.com Editors). -
527
Justinian the Great
Emperor Justinian the Great, who controlled the Eastern Empire from 527 to 565, attempted to reclaim much of the old Roman Empire in the sixth century (ignitia.com Editors). The codification of Roman law is undoubtedly Justinian's most famous achievement (ignitia.com Editors). The Corpus Juris Civilis was the name given to the process of classifying and collecting Roman laws (ignitia.com Editors). -
540
Gregory the Great
When he decided to become a monk in 574, he was a powerful Roman official (ignitia.com Editors). In 590, he was elected Pope and was in charge of spreading and controlling Christianity in Britain, Gaul, North Africa, Spain, and Italy (ignitia.com Editors). -
756
The Umayyad Caliphate
Abd ar-Rahman, a prince who had escaped the Abassid massacre of his family, founded the Umayyad Caliphate at Cordoba (Spain) in 756 (ignitia.com Editors). Cordoba was Europe's most important cultural hub in the tenth century (ignitia.com Editors). -
800
Reign of Charlemagne
A significant event in European history occurred in the year 800 (ignitia.com Editors). Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne "Emperor of the Romans" on Christmas Day of that year (ignitia.com Editors).
Because of a well-planned check mechanism, Charlemagne's government was well-organized and stable (ignitia.com Editors). -
860
The Varangians
In northern Russia, the Vikings began to invade and build outposts (ignitia.com Editors). Varangians were the name given to these Vikings (ignitia.com Editors). One of its early commanders, Rurik, is claimed to have founded the first Russian state in Novgorod in 860 (ignitia.com Editors). The Slavs gave these Vikings the name "Rus." This usage subsequently gave rise to the term Russia (ignitia.com Editors). -
871
Alfred the Great
This is where Alfred the Great, the Saxon king of Wessex from 871 to 899, appeared (ignitia.com Editors). He fought the Danish invaders, beat them in 878, and established the Danelaw, which limited the Danes to regions north of the Thames River and gave Alfred control of southern England, including London (ignitia.com Editors). The Danes must likewise accept Christianity, according to Alfred (ignitia.com Editors). -
976
Basil II
Basil II, who reigned from 976 until 1025 in the Byzantine Empire, was the greatest king of this dynasty (ignitia.com Editors). Because he annihilated the Bulgarian army in 1014 and sent the fifteen thousand prisoners home blindfolded, Basil II earned the nickname "Bulgarian Slayer" (ignitia.com Editors). -
987
Hugh Capet
In 987, the French nobility elected Hugh Capet, the Count of Paris, as King (ignitia.com Editors). Capet established partnerships with other nobility and used battle to expand his dominion (ignitia.com Editors). -
1400
Printing Press
John Gutenberg, a German printer, devised a press that could print material using moveable type in the 1440s (ignitia Editors). On Gutenburg's press, the Bible was the first book to be produced (ignitia Editors). -
1440
Movable Type
Johann Gutenberg, a German, devised a moveable type for printing books in the 1440s, including the famous Gutenberg Bible (ignitia Editors). -
1500
Cavaliers
The Tudor monarchs ruled England in the 1500s (ignitia Editors). Although there was a Parliament at the period, its role was primarily to carry out the wishes of the Tudor monarch or queen in authority (ignitia Editors). -
1507
Cisneros
Cisneros quickly rose through the ranks of the church, eventually becoming a cardinal in 1507 (ignitia.com Editors). He served as cardinal until Ferdinand's death in 1516, when infant Charles V ascended to the throne and Cisneros was appointed regent (ignitia.com Editors). Cisneros passed away in 1517 (ignitia.com Editors). -
Oct 31, 1517
Ninety-Five Theses
Martin Luther fastened his Ninety-Five Theses to the church door in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517, with ninety-five issues for debate (ignitia.com Editors). -
1536
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion was published in 1536 (ignitia.com Editors). In it, he expresses his beliefs (ignitia.com Editors). This work is a remarkable example of Reformation religious literature (ignitia.com Editors). Calvin was appointed to lead the Protestants in Switzerland and France (ignitia.com Editors). -
1539
Act of the Six Articles
Henry persuaded Parliament to enact the Act of the Six Articles, which founded the Anglican Church's principles, in 1539 (ignitia.com Editors). It supported Catholic beliefs except for the usurpation of papal authority (ignitia.com Editors). Henry allowed an English translation of the Bible in 1537 (ignitia.com Editors). -
1547
Edward VI
Edward VI was only nine years old when he inherited the English throne in 1547, and he was a sickly child (ignitia.com Editors). Henry VIII established the council of regents to assist him in ruling the kingdom until his son reached the age of majority (ignitia.com Editors). -
1549
John Knox
The Presbyterian Church was founded in Scotland by John Knox, a Calvinist (ignitia.com Editors). George Wishart, a Protestant, had influenced Knox, a former Catholic priest (ignitia.com Editors). -
1549
First Act of Uniformity
Somerset enacted measures that aided the Protestant cause (ignitia.com Editors). Ministers of the church were allowed to marry (ignitia.com Editors). Much of the church service was conducted in English (ignitia.com Editors). The First Act of Uniformity in 1549 mandated the use of the Book of Common Prayer, a new prayer book written by Archbishop Cranmer (ignitia.com Editors). -
1552
Second Act of Uniformity
The religious policies of Northumberland were more extreme than those of Somerset (ignitia.com Editors). Anglican services were subjected to more stringent regulations (ignitia.com Editors). Those who did not follow the guidelines were subjected to punishment (ignitia.com Editors). The Second Act of Uniformity was passed in 1552 (ignitia.com Editors). -
1553
Forty-two articles of Anglican doctrine
The council established forty-two articles of Anglican doctrine in 1553, including the rejection of five of the seven sacraments, the affirmation of salvation by faith, and the rejection of Christ's real presence in the "Holy Eucharist" or "Lord's Supper" (ignitia.com Editors). -
Assassination of Henry III
Henry III was killed in 1589, and he left no immediate heir
(ignitia.com Editors). The Huguenot leader Henry of Navarre declared himself king (ignitia.com Editors). French Catholics and King Philip II of Spain, on the other hand, refused to acknowledge him (ignitia.com Editors). Henry had to struggle for four more years with the support of England (ignitia.com Editors). -
Henry was Crowned Henry IV
Finally, declaring that Paris was worth a Catholic mass, he converted to Catholicism in order to restore peace and gain access to the city (ignitia.com Editors). In 1594, Henry IV was crowned, marking the start of the Bourbon dynasty (ignitia.com Editors). -
Issuing the Edict of Nantes
In 1598, he issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted Huguenots religious freedom and political privileges (ignitia.com Editors). France was the first country to allow multiple religious groups to coexist (ignitia.com Editors). -
Assassination of Henry IV
After Henry IV was slain in 1610, his eight-year-old son, Louis XIII, ascended to the throne (ignitia.com Editors). Marie de Medici (of the Italian Medici dynasty) became regent for Louis (ignitia.com Editors). Her policies quickly devolved into chaos (ignitia.com Editors). Many individuals were enraged by the rise of Italian power and pro-Spanish foreign policy (ignitia.com Editors). -
Emperor's army invaded Germany
The Emperor's troops invaded Germany in 1629 (ignitia.com Editors). Emperor Ferdinand signed the Edict of Restitution in the same year, recovering Catholic areas and curtailing Protestant religious and political privileges, except for Lutherans (ignitia.com Editors). -
Battle of Naseby
Because of its superior military experience, Charles' army initially won the majority of the battles (ignitia.com Editors). Despite this, Parliament maintained power over London, England's political and commercial capital. Oliver Cromwell rose to prominence as a formidable general and legislative leader. His army was so successful that it quickly became the parliamentary forces' backbone. At the Battle of Naseby in 1646, Charles and the
Cavalier forces were forced to surrender (ignitia Editors). -
The Death of Charles
The Independents gained control of the situation after the king's second loss (ignitia.com Editors). Cromwell regarded Charles as a potential threat. The Independents carried out a cleansing of Parliament, removing those who wished to continue negotiating with Charles. The Rump Parliament was named after the remaining members (ignitia.com Editors). A special court prosecuted Charles with treason and found him guilty. On January 30, 1649, he was beheaded (ignitia.com Editors). -
Disbandment the Rump Parliament
People got disgruntled because Parliament refused to hold elections after a few years (ignitia.com Editors). Cromwell dismissed the Rump Parliament in 1653 and called a new assembly made up of army chiefs. The army chiefs produced the Instrument of Government, England's first and only written constitution, when the new assembly became ineffective due to conflicts (ignitia.com Editors). -
England Became a Monarchy
In 1660, England reverted to monarchy (ignitia.com Editors). Charles II was known as the Merry Monarch because he loved to have a good time. Charles was cautious and strove to maintain good relations with Parliament, despite the fact that he was no more ready than his father to let Parliament reign (ignitia.com Editors). -
Disabling Act
Parliament was adamant about keeping non-Anglicans out of power (ignitia.com Editors). Not only did government officials have to swear fealty to the monarchy, but they also had to be practicing Anglicans (ignitia.com Editors). The Test Act was the law that required this exclusion. In 1678, Parliament passed the Disabling Act, which barred Catholics from serving in the House of Commons (ignitia.com Editors). -
Passage of the Habeas Corpus Act
During Charles' reign, two significant events occurred (ignitia.com Editors). The first was the passing of the Habeas Corpus Act in 1679, which provided protection against arbitrary detention (ignitia.com Editors). Anyone who believed he was being held unfairly might file a writ of habeas corpus, which would force the government to explain why he was being kept (ignitia.com Editors). -
The Habeas Corpus Act
During Charles II's reign, a significant piece of law was passed (ignitia Editors). The Habeas Corpus Act, which was passed by Parliament in 1679, was a significant legal and human rights achievement. Any person detained and imprisoned must be brought before a judge within twenty days, according to this law. This ended the practice of secret arrests and trials of the king's and government's enemies (ignitia Editors). -
Act of Settlement
The Act of Settlement included a clause that said that if William and Mary did not have heirs, Mary's sister Anne would take their place on the kingdom (ignitia Editors). -
Act of Toleration
Parliament also passed the Act of Toleration in 1689 (ignitia Editors). This legislation provided protection and freedom of religion to non-Anglican Protestants, putting a stop to years of persecution and prejudice (ignitia Editors). -
Flying Shuttle
In 1733, John Kay devised the flying shuttle, which greatly accelerated the weaving process (ignitia Editors). -
Spinning Jenny
In 1764, James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny (ignitia Editors). This innovative machine was capable of spinning eight times the amount of thread as earlier spinning wheels (ignitia Editors). -
Stamp Act
When the tax was paid, the Stamp Act required that British tax stamps be placed on various paper (ignitia Editors). -
The Boston Tea Party
On December 16, 1773, in Boston, an incident occurred that was a crucial step toward conflict with Britain (ignitia Editors). To protest the tea tax, colonists dressed as Indians boarded a British ship in Boston port and dumped 342 chests of tea into the sea. In retribution, the British closed Boston Harbor and placed the city under military authority. Other American colonies came to Boston's aid, sending much-needed supplies (ignitia Editors). -
The American Revolution
The American Revolution began on May 15, 1775, at Lexington and finished in 1781, at Yorktown, with the last English capitulation (ignitia Editors). The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution are two major writings that created the groundwork for the United States (ignitia Editors). -
The Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence, which established the legal framework for the Revolution, was signed in 1776 (ignitia Editors). -
The Signing of the Declaration
Jefferson took the lead and composed the majority of the document among the committee of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Robert Livingston, and Roger Sherman (ignitia Editors). The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776, declaring the United States independent of England (ignitia Editors). -
The Articles of Confederation
Our first constitution, known as the Articles of Confederation, established a Congress with one house and gave each state a vote (ignitia Editors). Congress was given the power to declare war, peace, borrow money, and resolve interstate disputes (ignitia Editors). However, it lacked the authority to levy taxes. Individual states were responsible for enforcing Congress's laws as they saw fit (ignitia Editors). -
The New Constitution
From 1781 to 1788, the Articles of Confederation were in effect. The new Constitution was drafted in 1787 and adopted in 1788 because the old one was weak and ineffectual (ignitia Editors). -
French Revolution
Nobles, clergy, and peasants were the three classes of the French (ignitia Editors). The peasants did the majority of the work and paid the majority of the taxes, although receiving little in return. They had no freedom of expression, press, or worship. If trials were held at all, they were held in secret and without a jury (ignitia Editors). -
Louis XVI
At the age of nineteen, Louis XVI ascended to the throne. He, like his lethargic and apathetic father and grandfather before him, was a weak king France required a strong leader. The country was bankrupt, and the oppressed population was on the verge of revolt. Louis proposed increased independence and encouragement of business, reduced spending by the king and his court, and taxation of nobles and affluent clergy in a desperate attempt to restructure the government (ignitia Editors). -
Bastille Day
During the French Revolution on what is now known as Bastille Day in France, the people captured the royal political jail, the Bastille, on July 14, 1789 (ignitia Editors). -
Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights refers to the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution (ignitia Editors). From time to time, other adjustments have been made. The United States Constitution has been amended twenty-seven times (ignitia Editors). -
The National Convention
The National Convention of 1792 embraced this excellent news by pronouncing the monarchy to be abolished and the French republic to be established (ignitia Editors). After that, the National Convention tried Louis XVI for treason. The king was found guilty and given a death sentence (ignitia Editors). -
Cotton Gin
Whitney was successful in inventing the cotton gin in 1793 (ignitia Editors). This invention allowed one guy to separate fifty pounds of cotton in the same amount of time as he could separate one pound of cotton every day (ignitia Editors). -
Eli Whitney
Eli Whitney created the first cotton gin in the United States, which transformed the cotton business and had such a tremendous impact on the South that it was an indirect cause of the Civil War (ignitia Editors). Steel, rubber, and iron production technologies were reinvented. Eli Whitney's brilliance created a system of interchangeable parts, which led to mass production and the modern "car-in-every-garage" economy (ignitia Editors). -
Embargo Act
The Embargo Act of 1807 made it illegal for ships from the United States to sail to England with goods to sell or trade (ignitia Editors). -
Steam Locomotive
George Stephenson, an Englishman, created the first steam locomotive and railroad in 1814, revolutionizing transportation and travel (ignitia Editors). -
Iron Plow
. Jethro Wood invented the iron plow in 1819, which replaced the traditional wooden plow (ignitia Editors). The iron plow was replaced fifty years later by John Deere's steel plow, which was considerably easier to manage and more efficient (ignitia Editors). -
Reaping Machine
Cyrus McCormick designed the reaping machine in 1834 (ignitia Editors). The reaper enhanced the quality and amount of produce while saving farmers important time by eliminating the time-consuming process of hand-cutting grain (ignitia Editors). -
Threshing Machine
The invention of the threshing machine in 1836, which separated the grain from the chaff, also saved the farmer a lot of time (ignitia Editors). Agriculture was changed by the shift from human labor to automation (ignitia Editors). -
Sewing Machine
Elias Howe's creation of the sewing machine in 1846 made the manufacture of cloth considerably easier (ignitia Editors). -
The Communist Manifesto
The divide between rich and poor widened as the Industrial Revolution developed (ignitia Editors). Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels established the economic and political system known as communism in response to the dismal living conditions of the working class. They published The Communist Manifesto in 1848 (ignitia Editors). -
First Successful Aircraft.
Wilbur and Orville Wright flew the first successful airplane on December 17, 1903 (ignitia Editors). Years of improvement and exploration followed this original venture (ignitia Editors). -
Russo-Japanese War
400,000 Russian soldiers were killed, injured, or captured during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 (ignitia Editors). There was also the embarrassment of being the first European army to be beaten by an Asian force that was widely seen as inferior (ignitia Editors). -
Beginning of the 1905 Revolution
The 1905 Revolution began with peaceful strikes by workers in St. Petersburg, Russia's capital. Between January 3rd and January 7th, 1905, 140,000 to 150,000 people went on strike, paralyzing St. Petersburg (ignitia Editors). -
Clayton Antitrust Act
The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 made illegal some practices employed by a big corporation to drive out competitors (ignitia Editors). -
Totalitarianism
Following the 1917 Revolution in Russia, communism became totalitarian, with ultimate control over the population (ignitia Editors). In Russia, totalitarianism had two forms: communism and fascism. Both aimed to exert control over every element of people's life (ignitia Editors). -
International Woman's Day
International Woman's Day was observed on February 23, 1917 (ignitia Editors). This provided an opportunity for factory women to congregate in the streets, yelling, "Defeated by hunger! Workers must have bread!" They were soon joined by their husbands and male coworkers. Even expert laborers were soon out on the streets (ignitia Editors). -
Civil War of 1918 ("Reds" v.s "Whites")
By early 1918, Russia had devolved into a violent civil war between the Bolsheviks, sometimes known as the "Reds," and their opponents, the "Whites." The Bolsheviks changed their name to the Communist Party during the civil war. People supported the Bolsheviks, now known as Communists, because they shared a common vision. They united under Lenin's "Peace, Land, and Bread" rallying cry (ignitia Editors). -
Wilson's Fourteen Points
Wilson reasoned that his Fourteen Points for Peace would motivate Allied soldiers to fight for a common objective and urge Germany to surrender sooner in the hopes of a more equitable and lenient peace (ignitia Editors). Wilson's plans were secretly dropped behind enemy lines. -
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 18, 1919, in the Palace of Versailles on the suburbs of Paris by the Germans (ignitia Editors). -
Pearl Harbor
Japan struck the American naval station at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. A considerable number of ships and planes were sunk or destroyed, and almost two thousand Americans were killed (ignitia Editors). The following day, President Roosevelt told Congress that it was "a day that will live in infamy." -
The Raid of Reprisal
The decision was made early in the Pacific campaign to destroy Tokyo as soon as feasible (ignitia Editors). The Raid of Reprisal, as it was dubbed, was intended to boost American morale and demonstrate to the Japanese that their homeland was vulnerable to attack (ignitia Editors). -
Korean War
Korea was governed by the Japanese from 1905 until 1945, when they were defeated in World War II. It was decided that the US would invade South Korea, while the Soviet Union would occupy North Korea. The dividing line was supposed to be the 38th parallel (ignitia Editors). -
Suez Crisis
Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser sought financing from the West in the mid-1950s to construct the Aswan High Dam, a massive dam on the upper Nile River. The US proposed to fund the project if Nasser agreed to an arms agreement with Czechoslovakia and gave Communist China diplomatic recognition (ignitia Editors). -
The Korean Truce
In the summer of 1951, truce discussions began in an attempt to put an end to the combat in Korea. The talks, however, came to a halt over the question of repatriating prisoners of war. Many Chinese and North Korean detainees resented being compelled to return to their communist homelands (ignitia Editors). -
Invasion of Hungary
In the years following World War II, Hungary's Communist ruler, Matyas Rakosi, wreaked havoc on the country's economy. Due to public displeasure, he permitted Imre Nagy, a more liberal politician, to become Prime Minister in 1953 (ignitia Editors). -
The Korean Armistice
On July 27, 1953, an armistice was struck, effectively ending the battle but not the war. A two-and-a-half-mile-wide Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) was established along the two countries borders (ignitia Editors). -
Sputnik I
When the Soviet Union used one of its strong rockets to launch the first artificial satellite, Sputnik I, into Earth's orbit in 1957, it caused alarm in the United States. The US accelerated its own space and rocket projects almost immediately (ignitia Editors). -
Explorer I
Explorer I, an American satellite, was successfully launched in January 1958, re-establishing the technological balance (ignitia Editors). -
Cuban Revolution
Cuba is a small island republic 90 miles south of Florida. Fidel Castro led a revolutionary force that ousted the island's US-backed tyrant and established a new government in 1959 (ignitia Editors). -
Bay of Pigs Invasion
As Castro's intentions became evident, many Cubans who opposed him emigrated to the United States. A group of these exiles planned an invasion of their homeland to destroy the Castro dictatorship under the direction of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (ignitia Editors). -
Cuban Missile Crisis
By 1962, Castro was confident that the US would invade Cuba at some point (ignitia Editors). He worked out a deal with the Soviets to have medium-range ballistic missiles installed in Cuba. The major American cities along the Atlantic coast would be within easy reach. The missiles might be used by the Soviets to blackmail the US in other parts of the world in addition to safeguarding Cuba (ignitia Editors).
