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founded by Turkish tribes under Osman Bey in north-western Anatolia in 1299. Conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed II in 1453 - the Ottoman state becomes an empire.
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Relatively large. Wealthy from trans-Saharan trade. Ruled by Muslim emperor. Invaded by Morocco.
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Described as having no luxuries, not avaricious, speaking with soft words and calm gestures, a man of many virtues who never allowed any poor person leave his presence empty-handed. ("Crónica da Guiné") Opened schools of navigation, grammar, logic, rhetoric, math, music and astronomy. Was not an actual navigator.
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Henry the Navigator established a slave market in 1445.
Slaves were brought back to Portugal. 1455: 800 Africans were transported to Portugal annually. -
Ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1444 to September 1446, then again from February 1451 to 1481. Conquered Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire. Founded many universities and colleges in the city (some still in use). Recognized as the first Sultan to codify criminal and constitutional law.
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(See Intial Reign Of Mehmed the Conqueror)
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Sunni Ali - First king of the Songhai Empire. Captured Timbuktu (1468) and Djenné (1475).
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Aztec emporer, great fighter who lost to the Spanish conquistadors in 1520 (due to smallpox and the Spanish alliance with Aztec tributary states)
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German monk, priest, professor of theology and major role in the Protestant Reformation. Taught that entrance to salvation was based solely on faith in God.
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Dias leaves Portugal and heads South around the Southern tip of Africa to get to India and China.
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Christopher Columbus leaves Spain to find a faster route to India and China. Lands on Carribean island.
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Began after Columbus' discovering of the New World. Twas the transport of people, animals, plants, and diseases between the New and Old World.
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Used land grants to support its cavalry. Population spoke several languages. Focused on land instead of sea.
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French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. Principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism. Argued that entrance to Salvation was predestined by God and was not determined by faith,
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Cortés allied with a number of the tributaries and rivals of the Aztecs, including the Totonacs, and the Tlaxcaltecas. Overran Aztecs, whose popuation had decreased (since their last battle with the Spanish) due to the smallpox outbreak (FROM OF THE SPANISH, KEEP IN MIND).
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Complety reconstructed the Ottoman legal system. Personally led Ottoman armies to conquer the Christian areas of Belgrade, Rhodes, and most of Hungary.
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Emperors were Muslims and direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. (Mughal= arabic for Mongol)
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A council that met at the city of Trent, in nothern Italy, in three sessions between 1545 and 1563. Distinguished proper Catholic doctrines from Protestant "errors." Pope's supremacy affirmed. Each diocese required to have a residential bishop and training hull for priests.
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13 years old when he inherited the Mughal throne. Descendant of Ghengis Khan. Significantly influenced art and culture in the country. Took great interest in painting, and had the walls of his palaces adorned with murals.
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Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. Improved the telescope. Has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy".
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Established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family. Known as the Edo period (named after capital city, Edo (modern day Tokyo)).
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European countries search for power. Caused depopulation and economic decline in the Holy Roman Empire.
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Argued that the governemnt was supposed to protect the people's rights. People were allowed to rebel if the gov't did not do so. Argued that rulers should be granted authority by the people and that rulers should be subject to law. Led to a civil rights movement, government reforms.
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Manchus family seizes China and formed the Qing dynasty. Advanced Chinese institutions and philosophy to higher level than Yuan Dynasty
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Ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from May 7, 1682 until his death. Decreased Russia's isolation and advanced the Russian empire's size. Admired for his achievements by striving away its Asian cultural connections from Russia.
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After English Civil War, replaced the reigning king, James II, with his protestant daughter Mary. Parliament had to be arranged regularly. All new taxes had to be approved by Parliament. Monarchs had to belong to the Anglican religion. New political arrangements were made with Scotland.
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Russian empire extended from East Europe (across North Asia) into parts of North America. 1750- Russia is a higher power in Europe, has an exceptional army.
