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Junior Prince(infante) of Kingdom of Portugal, early European exploration and maritime trade, man of virtues.
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Maritime explorer and navigator for the Crown of Castille, and colonizer from Republic of Genoa, Spanish colonization, found new world wihle looking for alternate trade route.
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Portuguese explorer, successful in Age of Discovery, commander of first ships to sail directly from Europe to India, Governor of India(Viceroy).
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Spanish conquistador, conquered Inca Empire, founded capital of Republic of Peru- Lima which had natives with precious metals.
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Portuguese explorer, served King Charles of Spain, searched for a westward route to the spice islands, first to sail from Atlantic to Pacific. Voyage was the first circumnavigation of the earth.
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Military adventurer rising to power at Kabul(Afghanistan), laid basis for Mughal Empire, first Mughal Emporer, descendant of Timur, expanded Persian cultural influence.
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Spanish conquistador that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire, brought parts of Mexico under rule of King of Castile. He also was against Cuba and defeated them when they attempted to arrest him.
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Vikings were the first to reach(Greenland,Newfoundland), European conquest under Christopher Columbus and colonization, started at caribbean coast and spread to include entire western hemisphere.
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The Columbian Exchange was a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), communicable disease, and ideas between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Maize, potatoes, and tomatoes became important crops in Eurasia.
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Trans-Atlantic slave trade; from Great Britain to Africa - beads, cloth, hardware, rum, salt, weapons for slaves. Africa to America- slaves and European goods. Giant American to Great Britain - manufactured goods.
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Ruled in Iran, established twelver school of Shi'a Islam(official religion), marked a key turning point in Muslim history. Revival of Persia as an economic stronghold, "checks and balances", architectural innovations, focus on fine arts.
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Movement stablishing Protestantism as a branch of Christianity, were against Catholic Church. Initiated by John Clavin and Martin Luther. Sparked by Luther's "Ninety-five Theses."
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Imperial power ruling large portion of Indian sub-continent, descendants of Timurids, ruled by Akbar the Great, weakened by- wars of succession, local revolts, growth of religious tolerance.
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Period of new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences, rejection of doctrines, foundation of modern science. Began in Europe, followed by the 'Enlightenment'
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Italian Jesuit priest, one founding father of Jesuit China Mission, current title is Servant of God, learned Chinese language and customs to be able to convert its people.
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Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, major role in Scientific Revolution, improvements on telescope, model of universe(Heliocentric).
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Following the period of "warring states." Feudal regime of Japan, ruled by shoguns, known as Edo period, abolished during Meiji Restoration. Based on strict class heirarchy. Economically, foreign trade was monopolized and a huge profit was yielded.
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Fought in Germany, naval warfare, religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, famine and disease broke out, decline in power of Catholic Church. One of the longest and most destructive conflict in European history. Caused decline of feudalism., decentralization of Holy Roman Empire.
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Also known as Manchu, last ruling dynasty of China, preceded by Ming, followed by Republic of China, highly integrated with Chinese culture.
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Era in western philosophy, intellectual, scientific, and cultural life, reason, legitimacy, and authority. Purpose was to reform society and advance knowledge. Influence Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, played a major role in American Revolution.
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Ruled Russia and Russian Empire, expanded and modernized, transformed Tsardom of Russia into 3-billion acre empire. Led a cultural revolution that replaced the traditionalist and medieval social and political system.
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War between Great Britain and France in North America, erupted into 7-years war. France loses and gives Britain Canada and Spain and Louisiana. Spain cedes Florida to GB. The Treaty of Paris is the result of this war.
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Empress of Russia after death of Peter III, improved admin and modernized, success in foreign policy, Russia recognized as one of the great powers in Europe.