Topics 10 & 11 Test

Charlemagne is Crowned Holy Roman Emperor

800

During Charlemagne's rule, he waged war to convert non-Christian Germans and assimilate them into his empire, the Holy Roman Empire. Charlemagne was crowned the Holy Roman Emperor by Leo III and they both helped each other keep power over their people.

Philip I Starts His Rule in France

1060

King Philip I's rule was followed by rulers Philip I-IV. During the time that the various French kings named Philip ruled, they built a strong administrative system with royal judges who were directly beholden to the crown. This gave a lot more power to the kings of France.

William the Conqueror Invades England

1063

William the Conqueror's invasion of England set the stage for his successors to make a stable political system that gave more power to the English kings. William's successors made a political system that stated that all land in England was legally the king's, so he rented out his land using "fiefs". Fiefs were loans from the king that had to be renewed for payments on the death of a landholder to be inherited.

Pope Urban II Starts First Crusade

1095

Pope Urban II summoned knights to Europe to serve in a holy war that would protect Christians in and near the holy land of Jerusalem. The First Crusade was very successful since they recaptured Jerusalem from the Muslims. This gave more power to popes and kings because the crusades gave them both a lot of money and more subjects to rule over and tax.

The Second Crusade Begins

1147

The Second Crusade was actually two different crusades that happened at the same time. One crusade went to the Holy Land and the other went to fight the Cordoban Caliphate in the Iberian Peninsula. This gave more power to kings and popes because the success of the crusade made them richer and more influential.

King Henry II Begins His Rule Over England

1154

During King Henry II's rule, he created a system of royal sheriffs to enforce his will, circuit courts that traveled around the land to hear cases, and a grand jury that let people be tried by their own peers. All these new inventions allowed King Henry II to have more power over his subjects since he could now enforce his will and have them tried in a fair court.

Pope Boniface VIII Issues Papal Bull

1303

The papal bull, a formal commandment, issued by Pope Boniface VIII stated that all kings had to acknowledge that the pope had authority over even their kingdoms. He issued this commandment because kings had put taxes on church property and he wanted to put a stop to it. This gave much more power to the popes because the new law stated that the pope had more authority than kings.

Philip IV Supports the Election of Clement V to Pope

1305

After Pope Boniface VIII issued the papal bull saying that the pope has authority over kings Philip IV arrested him and threw him in prison; he died soon after. Then Philip IV supported the election of Clement V, a Frenchman with ties to nobility, to the pope position. Clement ended up winning and moved the papal office from the Vatican to France for his own safety. There the French king Philip IV had a strong influence on the pope's decisions. This gave the kings much more power.

End of the Great Western Schism

1417

The Great Western Schism was a time when multiple rival popes fought over the title of pope for their various countries. This caused chaos in the Christian Church. This gave power to the kings and took the power away from the popes since they were being used as puppets for the kings. At the end of the Great Western Schism, a singular pope, Martin V, was put back in power. This gave the popes their power again.

Pope Eugene IV Reconfirms Absolute Power of Papacy

1431

Martin V had wanted to change the power of the papacy into a council that held the powers of the Church. This did not go over well, so in 1431 Eugene IV gave the power of the papacy back to a single person, the pope. This gave the power of the Church back to a singular pope.