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600s: How was the West doing?
Not so hot.
How was the East doing?
Economy: check.
Unbroken line of rulers from Constantine: check.
Beautiful palace for the Emperor: check. -
After two defeats in the 700s, the spread of Islam slowed down
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In 717, a monk names Willibroad became the first to attempt to preach the Gospel in Viking territory
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The Reconquista: the reconquest of Spain from the Muslims
The Church baptized and persuaded Jews and Muslims to become Christians (by whatever means necessary) -
In the 1040s, the Western Church was at its low:
Papacy was corrupt: no strong leader to make sure everyone behaved!
Lay rulers took control over most of Church -
July 1054: Cardinal Humbert SLAMMED the bull of excommunication on the high altar of Hagia Sofia, the beautiful Eastern Church
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Byzantine Emperor requested help fighting Turks who were attacking Christian pilgrims
The battle cry was “Deus Vult” meaning “God wills it -
1099: French and Italian Crusaders captured Jerusalemthis was the beginning of a long bloody battle between Christians and non-Christians
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and culture for the West
Faith:
Bernard of Clairvaux inspired reform within the Church : Gothic Architecture originated in Northern France Pope Innocent III brought power back to the papacy
Power went to the popes’ heads and they soon alienated the people because of their worldliness and greed -
Ended the power struggle: Bishops were to be elected by clergy in the presence of the Emperor
Emperor did not invest them with their place, but the new bishop would pay homage to him
Spiritual Renewal!
Benedictine monasticism took over the West
New orders formed:
Carthusians: ultra-strict order of monks. Do you think they were popular?
Cistercians: order that included Bernard of Clairvaux, who made it popular! -
1140: the church of Saint Denis was rebuilt by an unknown artist
Used flying buttresses, ribbed vaulting, pointed arches
Fewer pillars and more windows than previous Romanesque style
Cathedrals were built in this style
Most important building in each city
Workers who built them are unknown; they built for God’s glory and not their own -
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Lived 1225-1274
“No one can live without delight, and that is why a man deprived of spiritual joy goes over to fleshly pleasures.”
Wrote the Summa Theologica
Coined the term “transubstantiation”
Developed 5 Proofs that God exists: PUNPI!!!
Perfect Standard
Uncreated Creator
Necessary Being
Prime Mover
Intelligent Design
Did not finish the Summa after a mystical experience. He said “All I have written is as straw beside the things that have been revealed to me.” -
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1295: Boniface VIII elected pope
Writes Unam Sanctam calling all to submit to papal authority
French and English nation states unhappy -
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7 French Popes reigned from Avignon
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: Clement V, friend of the French king, elected Pope
Didn’t want to go to Rome, stayed in Avignon, France -
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1371: Gregory XI elected pope
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1378: Urban VI elected pope (last non-cardinal to be elected)
Tortured six cardinals…not such a good guy… -
1378: Clement VII elected pope because Urban was invalid
Clement lived in Avignon: created dilemma…who should get the loyalty? -
1389: Urban dies before a decision is made, succeeded by Boniface IX
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1394: Clement dies before a decision is made, succeeded by Benedict XIII
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pope Gregory XII elected
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1409: Alexander V elected pope at Council of Pisa…now three “popes”- two illegitimate, one legitimate
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1410: Alexander V dies suddenly, John XXIII elected pope (he was once a pirate)
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1418: Western Schism ends with the election of Martin V. PHEW!!!
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1414-1418: Council of Constantine met to make a decision: all three resigned for the sake of unity in the Church
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This was Fun Ms. B :)
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Pope Greggory the Great in the Conclae of 590
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became king of the Franks
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800: earned the favor of Pope Leo III and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor
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By the end of Charlemagne’s rule in 814, Europe was Christian.
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Otto I became Holy Roman Emperor and began reform
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From the 9th-11th centuries, the papacy was a prize of Roman families rather than a holy office
Several popes were assassinated, poisoned, or deposed
Nasty stories of Pope John VIII and Pope Stephen VII -
Test and East showed there was a storm brewing…
Iconoclasts: believed that it was wrong to venerate pictures and icons
Photius: ruler who created more tension with the papacy by having the current pope excommunicated.
Russia: King Vladimir sent out scouts to see which form of Christianity would go best with the Russians…the West was WAY too lavish for them!
