Timeline #3

Culture; Decline of Classical Culture; Boethius

Period: 480 to 525

-Boethius translated Aristotle's treaties on logic into Latin.
-Wrote commentaries on Aristotle, Cicero, and Porphyry
-Wrote The Consolation of Philosophy while in prison waiting to be executed.
*Forerunner of Scholasticism; reason did not conflict with Christianity.

Religion; Muhammad (Islam)

Period: 570 to 632

-Prosperous merchant in Mecca; turned prophet.
-He was chosen
-Muhammad offered Arabs a new monotheistic faith, Islam.

Religion; Passage from Mecca to Medina

622

-Muhammad and his followers left Mecca and went to Medina, 200 miles away (became know as the Hegira).
-Muhammad gained more followers in Medina
-Preached holy war against unbelievers
-Tried to convert Jews, but they rejected him

Religion; Islamic Acceptance

630

-By 630, Mecca surrendered and accepted Islam.
-Bedouins all over Arabia embraced Islam and recognized the authority of Muhammad

Politics; Kingdom of the Franks; Charles Martle

Period: 641 to 741

-Mayor of the Palace 715-741
-Got all Frankish land in his control

Politics; Charles Martel; Battle of Tours

732

-Defeated the Muslims at Battle of Tours in 732
-Considers by many as a pivotal battle in world history

Politics; Kingdom of Franks; Charlemagne

Period: 742 to 814

-Son of Pepin, Grandson of Charles Martel
-Expanded Frankish Kingdom
-Divided the empire into about 250 counties, each administered by a comites, a count, a nobel personally loyal to the ruler.
-Connected the Emperor with the Roman Church
-Suggested the Pope was superior to the Emperor

Politics; Break-Up of Charlemagne's Empire

843

-Charlemagne son, Louis the Pious inherited the throne
-Louis died in 840
-Treaty of Verdun in 843, divided empire among three surviving sons.

Politics; Germany; Otto the Great

Period: 936 to 973

-Otto, the Great (936-973)
He linked control of Germany and northern Italy to title of Emperor of the Romans; later known as Holy Roman Emperor.
-There was on going struggle between the German Emperor and the Pope. This resulted in neither Germany or Italy achieving national unity, until another millennium.

Philosophy; Muslim; Ibn-Sina

Period: 980 to 1037

Ibn-Sina was known to the west as Avicenna
-Commentaries on Aristotle
-Important influence on Medieval Christianity

Politics; Great Schism

1054

-Pope Resisted domination by Byzantine emperor
-Byzantine church denied papal primacy
-Mutual excommunication

Religion; Gregorian Reform; Papal Power Rises

1059

From the start of 1059, a church council announced that popes would be selected by the college of cardinals.

War; Norman Invasion

1066

Battle of Hastings; William l, the Conqueror

Religion; Gregorian Reform; Papal Primacy

Period: 1073 to 1088

-Pope Gregory Vll (r. 1073-1088); Helped establish the Pope was above all nobles, kings, and emperors.
-(Papal Primacy= Pope head of church, above all other clergy.)
-Later this papal primacy, creates a lot of arguments between emperors, king and the pope.

Religion; Henry lV v. Pope

Period: 1084 to 1105

Henry lV;
- Pope insisted that had no power or input in the selection of clerical offices; try to assert their power.
- Emperor believed that if he were to give in to the pope, it would undermine national authority.
- Pope eventually excommunicated the emperor; Emperor deposed Pope.

War; Normans Conquering Sicily

1091

-In 1091, Norman took Sicily from Muslims
-Long, ongoing struggle to drive Muslims from Spain

War; Death of Sultan of Seljuk Turks

1092

-Death of Sultan of Seljuk Turks in 1092
-Led Byzantine Emperor, Alexius to appeal to the west for assistance against the Turks.

War; Crusades; Pope Urban ll

1095

-Pope Urban ll, at the Council of Clermont called for war agains the Turks
-He claimed that this would be a "just war."; It channeled Christian knights' aggression toward a common enemy, the heathens.
-Began the reconquest of Jerusalem

War; First Crusade

Period: 1096 to 1099

-Conquest of Jerusalem
-In response, Muslim leaders called for a jihad
-Jihad = a struggle or fight against the enemies of Islam

Religion; Concordat of Worms

1122

-Recognized that bishops are not only church leaders but temporal leaders as well.

Politics; Eleanor of Aquitaine

Period: 1122 to 1204

-Eleanor of Aquitaine was married to:
King Louis Xll of France (1137-1152)
King Henry ll of England (1152-1189)
-She also had two sons; Richard l (King of England) and John (King of England).
-King Henry ll ruled more of France than the own king of France.

Philosophy; Muslim; Ibn-Rushd

Period: 1126 to 1198

Ibn-Rushd is known in the west as Averroes
-Believed the Koran did not exclude study of ancient Greek texts
-Believed Greeks had discrovered Truth

War; Second Crusade

Period: 1147 to 1149

-First goal to reclaim the Holy Land, Jerusalem
-Second, to come to the aid of the Byzantine Emperor. Who was a Christian ruler.
-The defeat caused a lot of pain for the Christians. Many believed God was not on their side, and so they lost their faith.
-IT WAS A FAILURE

War; Third Crusade

Period: 1189 to 1192

-Failed to conquer Jerusalem
-"The Kings Crusade"; Richard the Lion-Hearted, Fredrick Barbarossa, Philip Augustus, Saladin

Religion; Pope Innocent lll

Period: 1198 to 1216

-The apex of Papal Power
-Asserted papal primacy over all monarchs
-Established Fourth Lateran Council in 1215
Christians must; Confess their sins once a year, Marriage Banns, Transubstantiation

War; Fourth Crusade

Period: 1202 to 1204

-Sack of Constantinople
-Latin Empire in the east, 1204-1261
-Created deep mistrust between East and West

Politics; France; Louis lX

Period: 1226 to 1270

-Louis lX (r. 1226-1270)
-He prohibited private warfare among nobles
-Established sound, reliable coinage
-He was greatly loved by his subjects