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-Boethius translated Aristotle's treaties on logic into Latin.
-Wrote commentaries on Aristotle, Cicero, and Porphyry
-Wrote The Consolation of Philosophy while in prison waiting to be executed.
*Forerunner of Scholasticism; reason did not conflict with Christianity. -
-Prosperous merchant in Mecca; turned prophet.
-He was chosen
-Muhammad offered Arabs a new monotheistic faith, Islam. -
-Muhammad and his followers left Mecca and went to Medina, 200 miles away (became know as the Hegira).
-Muhammad gained more followers in Medina
-Preached holy war against unbelievers
-Tried to convert Jews, but they rejected him -
-By 630, Mecca surrendered and accepted Islam.
-Bedouins all over Arabia embraced Islam and recognized the authority of Muhammad -
-Mayor of the Palace 715-741
-Got all Frankish land in his control -
-Defeated the Muslims at Battle of Tours in 732
-Considers by many as a pivotal battle in world history -
-Son of Pepin, Grandson of Charles Martel
-Expanded Frankish Kingdom
-Divided the empire into about 250 counties, each administered by a comites, a count, a nobel personally loyal to the ruler.
-Connected the Emperor with the Roman Church
-Suggested the Pope was superior to the Emperor -
-Charlemagne son, Louis the Pious inherited the throne
-Louis died in 840
-Treaty of Verdun in 843, divided empire among three surviving sons. -
-Otto, the Great (936-973)
He linked control of Germany and northern Italy to title of Emperor of the Romans; later known as Holy Roman Emperor.
-There was on going struggle between the German Emperor and the Pope. This resulted in neither Germany or Italy achieving national unity, until another millennium. -
Ibn-Sina was known to the west as Avicenna
-Commentaries on Aristotle
-Important influence on Medieval Christianity -
-Pope Resisted domination by Byzantine emperor
-Byzantine church denied papal primacy
-Mutual excommunication -
From the start of 1059, a church council announced that popes would be selected by the college of cardinals.
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Battle of Hastings; William l, the Conqueror
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-Pope Gregory Vll (r. 1073-1088); Helped establish the Pope was above all nobles, kings, and emperors.
-(Papal Primacy= Pope head of church, above all other clergy.)
-Later this papal primacy, creates a lot of arguments between emperors, king and the pope. -
Henry lV;
- Pope insisted that had no power or input in the selection of clerical offices; try to assert their power.
- Emperor believed that if he were to give in to the pope, it would undermine national authority.
- Pope eventually excommunicated the emperor; Emperor deposed Pope. -
-In 1091, Norman took Sicily from Muslims
-Long, ongoing struggle to drive Muslims from Spain -
-Death of Sultan of Seljuk Turks in 1092
-Led Byzantine Emperor, Alexius to appeal to the west for assistance against the Turks. -
-Pope Urban ll, at the Council of Clermont called for war agains the Turks
-He claimed that this would be a "just war."; It channeled Christian knights' aggression toward a common enemy, the heathens.
-Began the reconquest of Jerusalem -
-Conquest of Jerusalem
-In response, Muslim leaders called for a jihad
-Jihad = a struggle or fight against the enemies of Islam -
-Recognized that bishops are not only church leaders but temporal leaders as well.
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-Eleanor of Aquitaine was married to:
King Louis Xll of France (1137-1152)
King Henry ll of England (1152-1189)
-She also had two sons; Richard l (King of England) and John (King of England).
-King Henry ll ruled more of France than the own king of France. -
Ibn-Rushd is known in the west as Averroes
-Believed the Koran did not exclude study of ancient Greek texts
-Believed Greeks had discrovered Truth -
-First goal to reclaim the Holy Land, Jerusalem
-Second, to come to the aid of the Byzantine Emperor. Who was a Christian ruler.
-The defeat caused a lot of pain for the Christians. Many believed God was not on their side, and so they lost their faith.
-IT WAS A FAILURE -
-Failed to conquer Jerusalem
-"The Kings Crusade"; Richard the Lion-Hearted, Fredrick Barbarossa, Philip Augustus, Saladin -
-The apex of Papal Power
-Asserted papal primacy over all monarchs
-Established Fourth Lateran Council in 1215
Christians must; Confess their sins once a year, Marriage Banns, Transubstantiation -
-Sack of Constantinople
-Latin Empire in the east, 1204-1261
-Created deep mistrust between East and West -
-Louis lX (r. 1226-1270)
-He prohibited private warfare among nobles
-Established sound, reliable coinage
-He was greatly loved by his subjects