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Although the Second Crusade ended inthe defeat of Crusader forces at Damascus in 1148, it did have a notablesuccess, this being the capture of Lisbon from Muslim forces by EnglishCrusaders in 1147. The Second Crusade also saw the beginning of campaignsinto The Baltic States and Northeastern Europe to conquer and convertpagans.
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3rd Crusade led by Richard theLionheart of England, Philip II of France, and Holy Roman EmperorFrederick I. Richard I made a truce with Saladin
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Led by Richard theLionheart of England, Philip II of France, and Holy Roman EmperorFrederick I. Richard I made a truce with Saladin. Although Christianforces won several victories, the Third Crusade failed to captureJerusalem. The city remained in Muslim hands, however, Saladin struck andagreement with Richard I allowing Christians to make pilgrimages toJerusalem. The Third Crusade ended in 1192.
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Led by Fulk of Neuil French/Flemish advanced on Constantinople
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Called by Pope Innocent III in 1202 to re-capture Jerusalem from the Muslims via an assault on Egypt, the Fourth Crusade instead turned into an attack on Constantinople, the seat
of the Byzantine Empire, and a Christian kingdom. The defenses of Constantinople overcome in 1204, the Crusader army mercilessly sacked the city for three days. The destruction of Constantinople and slaughter of its citizens is considered one of the greatest atrocities of the Medieval period -
The Children's Crusade led by a French peasant boy, Stephen of Cloyes
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The 5th Crusade led by King Andrew II of Hungary, Duke Leopold VI of Austria, John of Brienne
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This Crusade also did not meet its stated goal. The Crusader army got bogged down in a long siege of Damietta in Egypt. Damietta was eventually captured, but no further campaign was undertaken afterward.
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The 6th Crusade led by Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick II -
Ironically, Frederick also succeeded
despite being excommunicated by Honorius II due to a political conflict
between the two men. Frederick's success was based on taking dvantage of conflicts between local Muslim rulers. This led him to seal a truce with the Egyptian Sultan al-Kamil in 1229. This truce included handing control of Jerusalem to the Crusaders in return for their support against
al-Kamil's enemies. -
The 7th Crusade led by Louis IX of France
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The Seventh Crusade is notable for being the first in which the Mongols played a role as a third power to be contended with in the Middle East. Both the Crusaders and Muslim sultans would attempt to ally themselves with the Mongols against one another. The result would be the rise of Mongol influence at the expense of both.
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The 8th Crusade led by Louis IX. Louis set out from Sicily in summer 1270, headed to Tunis in North Africa, where he
hoped to establish a base for operations against Egypt. Landing in Tunis -
The 9th Crusade led by Prince Edward
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Edward arrived in time to see successive Christian defeats at the hands of the Turks in Antioch and Tripoli. Facing insurmountable odds, Edward returned home to England in 1271. Acre fell to Islam twenty years later in 1291, removing the final Crusader stronghold in the region.