-
Sep 25, 1555
The Peace of Augsburg
SourceA legal agreement within the Holy Roman Empire of the religious conflict arising from the Reformation was accepted. It was declared by the Diet of the Roman Empire that came together earlier that year in Augsburg
and the peace was arranged between Charles 5, The Holy Roman Empire and the Lutheran princes and gave german rulers the right to choose whether Lutheranism or Catholicism to prevail in their state. The peace of Augsburg brought increased stability until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. -
Period: Apr 17, 1573 to
Maximilian I of Bavaria
SourceMaximilian I of Bavaria was born on 17 April 1573 in Munich, Bavaria. Became Duke of Bavaria, because of his father's abdication in 1597. Ferdinand II, not because of political interest, He married his cousin Elizabeth, and then his niece Maria Anna of Austria, daughter of Ferdinand II. Maximilian increased the size of his territories, gained the title of elector and established himself as undisputed leader of the German Catholics. He died on 27 September 1651 in Ingolstadt, Bavaria. -
Period: Apr 12, 1577 to
KIng Christian IV of Denmark
SourceChristian IV was Denmark's most renowned king,ruling from 1588 to his death in 1648. He led his country through a period of political and cultural ascendancy, but also mired it in a costly war against Sweden and the devastating Thirty Years' War in Germany. In this war he had obtained for his kingdom a level of stability and wealth that was virtually unmatched elsewhere in Europe. Denmark was funded by tolls on the Oresund and also by extensive war-reparations from Sweden. He died in Copenhagen. -
Period: to
Cardinal Richelieu
SourceCardinal Richelieu was born in September 1585 and died in December 1642. Richelieu dominated the history of France from 1624 to his death. Richelieu is considered to be one of the greatest politicians in French history. his time in office is dominated by his campaign against the Huguenots, the modernisation of the military in France, especially the navy, and involvement in the Thirty Years Wars. -
Period: to
King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
SourceGustavus Adolphus was born in 1594, became a king of Sweden in 1611 and ruled until his death in battle in 1632. He lead Sweden during her glory years in the Thirty Years War. However, Gustavus was also responsible for many domestic reforms which pushed Sweden from being just another Baltic state to being the most dominant power in the region. He died at the age of 37 in the battle of Lutzen. -
Period: to
King Louis XIII
SourceLouis XIII of France was born in 1601 and died in 1643. Louis was the son of Henry IV and Marie de Medici. Louis became king at the age of nine. Therefore, as a minor, France was governed by a Regent – in this case, his mother. Louis XIII had had a strict religious Catholic upbringing, and during the Thirty Tear's War his natural inclination was therefore to support the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor, the Habsburg Ferdinand II. Louis XIII died of tuberculosis in Paris on 14 May 1643. -
Period: to
Philip IV of Spain
SourcePhilip IV of Spain (also known as Philip III of Portugal) was the king of Spain and Portugal during the decline of Spain as a great world power in the 1600s. He succeeded his father, Philip III, in 1621 and left the throne to his son, Charles II. He is remembered for his failed struggle to revive Spain's prominence during the Thirty Years War and for his patronage of the arts. In his final years, Philip IV believed he had failed as a monarch. He fell into a deep depression and died. -
Period: to
Ferdinand of Styria as king of Bohemia
SourceFerdinand was borm in 1578 in Graz, Styria in a noble family. In 1617 Ferdinand was elected as king of Bohemia by the Bohemian diet and two years later he was elected Holy Roman Emperor. He did not want to uphold the religious liberties and the guaranteed freedom of religion of the nobles and the people in the city by the Letter of Majesty, signed by the previous emperor Rudolph II. Ferdinand of Styria died in 1637 and his position was inherited from his son, Ferdinand III. -
Period: to
The Bohemian Period
SourceThe period began with the Defenestration of Prague. This is when rebels from the Calvinist revolt threw two Catholic royal officers from a window. The reason was that the Calvinists feared the loss of their rights, because the elected king of Bohemia, Ferdinand, was Catholic. Frederick V was ofered the throne, but Duke Maximilian I, with the army of the Catholic League, defeated the Bohemians and Ferdinand got back his throne. The period ended with a Hapsburg and Catholic victory. -
Defenestation of Prague
SourceThe Defenestation of Prague preceded the beginning of the Thirty Years' War. The event was provoked by the closure of two Protestant churches built in the towns of Broumov and Hrob. Because the protest against this closure was rejected, the Bohemian Protestants threw two Catholic Imperial officials as well as their secretary out of the window of the Prague Castle. The Protestants showed the King of Bohemia and the future Holy Roman Emperor that they didn't accept violations of the Letter. -
Period: to
Thirty Years' War
-
Battle of White Mountain
SourceNovember 8, 1620, marks the date of a battle, fought near Prague in Bohemia, that puts the first major victory of the Roman Catholic Habsburgs over the Protestant Union. The Bohemian rebellion was over and the beginning of the ooocounter-reformation was put. The battle ended with the defeat of the troops of the Bohemian Estates by Emperor Ferdinand 2 and his allies. -
Period: to
The Danish Period
Source
It began when King Christian IV, Lutharian ruler of Denmark, supported the Protestants against Ferdinand II in 1625. He was also the duke of Holstein. Ferdinand secured the assistance of Albrecht von Wallenstein, with an army of 50,000. Their combined forces defeated Christian in 1626 and occupied Holstein. The Treaty of Lubeck (1629) gave Holstein to Christian. The period ended with a Hapsburg and Catholic victory. -
Treaty of Lubeck
SourceThe Treaty of Lubeck put the end of the "Danish period" of the Thirty Years' War. It was signed on 22 May 1629 by representatives of the Danish King Christian IV and the imperial general A. Wallenstein and on 7 June by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. Denmark was allowed to keep its possessions including the state of Holstein. -
Period: to
The Swedish Period
SourceIn 1630, the Swedes moved to Germany and later France entered the war against the Hapsburg by signing an alliance with Sweden. Catholics and Protestants joined forces against the Catholic Hapsburgs and the conflict became a war over political issues. Swedes won several remarkable victories, one of which was the Battle of Lutzen in 1632, when they defeated the Wallenstein. In this fight died the Protestant leader, King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. -
Battle of Lutzen
SourceMilitary engagement of the Thirty Years’ War in which Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden lost his life. It was fought by the Swedes to help their North German allies against the forces of the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II. Gustavus Adolphus and Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar ofered Albrecht von Wallenstein battle. Even though Adolphus was killed, Bernhard retreaved the situation along the line and captured the entire imperial artillery, winning victory for the protestants. -
The Treaty of Prague
Source The Peace Treaty of Prague was between the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand II and the Electorate of Saxony. It ended the Austro-Prussian War and weakened the German princes. Because of it Austria lost Venetia, which was eventually given to Italy. The Habsburgs were excluded from German affairs and so the Kingdom of Prussia was the only major power in Germany. The Edict of Restitution was ended, and the Peace of Augsburg from 1555 was reestablished. -
Period: to
The French Period
SourceWith the decision to step in the war directly, France destroyed the agreement reached in the Treaty of Prague in 1635. Cardinal Richelieu had a plan to take the province of Alsace from the Holy Roman Empire and to weaken the power of the Hapsburgs. Emperor Ferdinand 2 died in 1637 and his possition was inherited from his son, Ferdinand 3. From 1641 began peace negotiations, but were unsuccessful until 1642 when Cardinal Richelieu died and the French taking over Bavaria in 1646. -
The Peace of Westphalia
SourceThe term Peace of Westphalia means a sequence of peace treaties signed among May and October of 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire. It involved the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III of the House of Habsburg, the Kingdoms of Spain, France, Sweden, the Dutch Republic, the Princes of the Holy Roman Empire, and sovereigns of the Free imperial cities. -
Treaty of the Pyrenees
SourceThe treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659 ends the warfare between France and Spain. It continued even after the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years War. It had been complicated by a French intervention in the revolt of the Catalans and by a Spanish intervention in the Fronde. Together with the Peace of Westphalia, it marked the rise of France as the dominant European power. France received Roussillon and extensive territories in Flanders, and its Spanish border was set at the Pyrenees.
