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Sep 25, 1555
The Peace of Augsburg
https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Augsburg The Peace of Augsburg is the first legal basis that allowed Lutheranism and Catholicism to coexist together in Germany. It was promulgated by the legislature of the Holy Roman Empire. It allowed the state princes to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the religion of their domain. -
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King Christian IV of Denmark
http://biography.yourdictionary.com/christian-iv Denmark's most renowned king. He led his country through a period of political and cultural ascendancy, but also mired it in a costly war against Sweden and the devastating Thirty Years' War in Germany. He was crowned on 29 August 1956. A member of the house of Oldenburg. He is remembered as one of the most popular, ambitious, and proactive Danish kings, having initiated many reforms and projects. -
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Cardinal Richelieu King Louis
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/france-in-the-seventeenth-century/cardinal-richelieu/ Cardinal Richelieu was given a seat on the Royal Council and made Chief Minister by Louis in 1624. He attacked the Huguenots, reformed the army and the navy, crushed rebellions and advanced royal absolutism. He raised a lot of money and supervised a foreign policy that was designed to make France the greatest power in Europe. He was one of the greatest politicians of his time. -
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King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden He was the founder of the Swedish Empire. During his reign Sweden became the third biggest nation in Europe and one of the great powers thanks to his many victories and economic development. He was one of the greatest military generals in all of history. -
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Ferdinand of Styria as king of Bohemia
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/the-thirty-years-war/ferdinand-of-styria/ Ferdinand upset many people in Bohemia with policy of hard Catholicism and centralisation. When he was elected as a Holy Roman Emperor, the Bohemians rejected him as king and named Frederick of Palatine to be their king. Their rebellion was ruthlessly supressed in 1620 and Bohemia went through a decade of decline. -
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The Bohemian Period
http://www.thecaveonline.com/APEH/thirtyyearswar.html It started when two officers war hurled from the window by a member of the Bohemian diet—the so-called Defenestration of Prague (May, 1618). The Bohemian throne was offered to Frederick V, the elector palatine. -
Defenestration of Prague
https://www.britannica.com/event/Defenestration-of-Prague-1618 Incident of the Bohemian resistance to the authority of Hapsburg, that started the Thirty Year's War. The Letter of Majesty was laid down during 1617, when the Roman Catholic Officials in Bohemia closed the Protestant chapels that were being constructed by Broumov and Hrob's citizens, and this violated the guarantees of religious liberty. -
Battle of White Mountain
https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-White-Mountain Fought near Pague in Bohemia. This battle significance marks the first and most major victory of the Roman Catholic Habsburgs over the Protestant Union. The victory enabled the house of Hapsburg to end constitutional rule in Bohemia and the states around it, it established also an authoritarian government that survived for three centuries, until the reconstruction of central Europe following World War I. -
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Philip 4 of Spain
http://www.biography.com/people/philip-iv-39076#transitional-period He was king of Spain during the decline of the country as a greater world power. He failed to revive Spain's prominence during the Thirty Years War and France became the new greatest power. He married his daughter Maria Teresa to King Louis XIV to end the war. Philip was known for being a major patron of arts. -
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Maximilian I of Bavaria
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maximilian-I-duke-of-Bavaria Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria, with the army of the Catholic League under Tilly, helped the imperial forces defeat the Bohemians at the White Mt. near Prague (Nov., 1620). He substantially increased the size of his territories and gained the title of elector. He established himself as undisputed leader of the German Catholics. -
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The Danish Period
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/thirty-years-war-the-danish-period.html Since the German war expanded into an international conflict, Christian IV of Denmark came into power because of his fear of the rise of the Hapsburgs. The imperial army marched through most of Germany and defeated Mansfeld at Dessau, but were defeated later by Tilly at Luter. With the Treaty of Lubeck, Denmark withdrew from the war and surrendered the German bishoprics. -
Treaty of Lubeck
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/the-thirty-years-war/the-danish-war/ With this treaty Denmark was allowed to keep the state of Holstein and other valuable possessions after the Danish War. However, Christian had to give up leadership of the Lower Saxon Circle and claims on the north German bishoprics. He had to formally withdraw from the war. -
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The Swedish Period
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/thirty-years-war-the-swedish-period.html Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden now came into the war.
The battle of Breitenfeld.- Protestants first victory. John George of Saxony and Gustavus united and won the battle. Gustavus died. -
Battle of Lützen
https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Lutzen Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden lost his life in this battle. It was fought by the Swedes to help their North German allies against the forces of the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II. Tactical French-Polish victory. -
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The French Period
http://thirtyyearswar.tripod.com/french.html France entered the war with Cardinal Richelieu and were heavily supported by Sweden. During this final stage of the Thirty Years War, the war occupied most of Europe. The war had lost its religious character and became political. Cardinal Richelieu wanted to block the growth of Hapsburg and interfered on the Protestant side. They won series of victories, giving hope to Protestants in Germany. -
The Treaty of Prague
http://thirtyyearswar30.weebly.com/treaty-of-prague.html This treaty ended the Austro-Prussian War and weakened the German princes. The Austrian Empire only lost Venetia (given to Italy). The Habsburgs were excluded from German affairs. Kingdom of Prussia was left the only major power in Germany. -
The Peace of Westphalia
https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Westphalia European settlements, brought to an end the 80 Years’ War between Spain and the Dutch;German phase of the 30 Years’ War. The Spanish-Dutch treaty was signed on January 30, 1648. The treaty of October 24, 1648, comprehended the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand III, the other German princes, France, and Sweden. Forces like Russia, England, Poland and the Ottoman Empire were the only European powers that were not represented at the two assemblies. -
Treaty of the Pyrenees
https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-the-Pyrenees It established peace between Louis XIV and Philip IV (France and Spain) by marrying Louis to the Spanish Maria Teresa de Austria. It ended the Franco-Spanish War. It also marked the beginning of the French hegemony in Europe.
