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Jan 1, 1555
The Peace of Augsburg
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The peace of Augsburg was between Emperior Charles V and alliance of Lutheran princes in the city of Augsburg. In line with peace treaty the German princes had the right to choose the religion in their states, but with no tolerance to the territory. According to treaty it was not allowed to people to live in the city in case they didn’t belong to chosen religion. -
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King Christian IV of Denamrk
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Christian IV developed his political and cultural part of Denmark but at the same time was defeated against Sweden and disaster in Germany . In 1625 he lead army himself against Ferdinand II but due to enormous number of forces he was forced to withdraw. In 1626 when he invaded again he was defeated. Treaty of Lubeck was signed in 1629 as it allow Christian IV to regain the lost territories and ended Denmark participation in The Thirty Years War. -
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Maximilian I of Bavaria
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Maximillian I was duke of Bavaria(1597-1651). In 1609 he found Catholic League and in 1619 this League helped Ferdinand II who was against Fredrick V. In 1620 Catholic League under commander, Tilly entered Upper Austria and defeated Fredrick’s army at Battle of White Mountain. In 1623 Maximillian I was given Rhenish Palatine and Upper Austria. After that Bavaria was defeated by Swedish and French Forces. In 1648, the peace of Westphalia allowed him to retain electorate. -
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Cardinal Richelieu
Source:Cardinal Richelleu was official advisor of King Louis XIII ruling France at the beginning of 17 C.He is known as ruler in shadow and founder of French absolutism, concentrating the full power in the hands of the king. Through his reigning France was transferred in strong and powerful country. Richelleu played a role of pricipal Minister and was responsible for the foreign affairs. He reformed the army and established the navy. Cardinal Richelleu was against French Protestant, called Huguenots. -
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King Louis XIII
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Louis XIII was the king of France. At the age of 9 when he was coronated after his father's death. He is known for his mental instability and bare health illness but showed strength in the war battles. Although he was not strong personality France won sustained victories and was one of the powerful countries in Europe under the reigning of his well experienced chief minister Cardinal Ruchelieu. The regency of Louis XII was marked with absolute power of the King along with noble revolts. -
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King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
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Gustavus Adolphus was known as founder of Sweden Empire known as Golden Age of Sweden during his reign. He improved Swede to rise as regional power. He is called as "Father of Modern Warfare" as he used calvary and artillery in strategic and tactical way. In 1630 invade lands in Germany and in 1631 he defeated Catholic forces under Johann Tserclaes. He died during the Battle of Lutzen nevertheless it was Swedish victory. -
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Ferdinand of Styria as king of Bohemia
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Ferdinand II was Holy Roman emperor(1619-1637),king of Bohemia from 1617 until 1627 and king of Hungary from 1618 continuing until 1625. For the Bohemian king Ferdinand was elected in 1617 even though during Bohemians unseated him and vote for Fredrick V. This act marked the beginning of Thirty Years War. With being elected from Holy Roman emperor allow him to sustain support from Spain and German princes. -
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The Bohemian Period
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Bohemian Period began in Prague when royal officiers were threw away from a widnow by Protestant mebers of Bohemian diet and Frederic V was proposed. Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria with the help of leader of Catholic League, Tilly succeeded in defeating the Bohemians near Prague. John George, leader of German Protestants supported Ferdinand as he regained Bohemian throne. -
Defenestration of Prague
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It started Czech Estates revolt against Hapsburgs. Major figures of Czech Estates formed a plan to protect the right of free choice of religion expression. The Imperial governors and their secretary who were against the non-Catholic Czech were found guilty for breaking the religious freedom and were thrown through the window of the council room of 16-meter Prague Castle. -
Battle of White Mountain
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After the Defenestration of Prague the Czech Estates revolt against Hapsburgs. Motivated to defend their power in the rebel territory the Hapsburgs Emperor Ferdinand II formed combined forces and defeated the army of Czech opponents near Prague in 1620 at the Battle of White Mountain. Rebels were executed and the Catholicism was announced as state religion. -
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Philip IV of Spain
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During reign of Philip IV, Spain has its decline from a great power. In 1635 Spain and France declared mutual war which ended in 1659 with Treaty of Pyrenees. Also during Philip’s IV reign there were battle with Dutch and it ended with Treaty of Münster in 1648. Like his father, Philip IV had advisors who were accused by the noblemen of usurping throne. Example is Gaspar de Guzmán, duke of Olivares. -
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The Danish Period
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King Christian IV, king of Denmark opposed Ferdinand’s forces at Saxony. Ferdinand received help from Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein. In 1625 Tilly crossed Wester River which marked the begging of Danish Period. After that Christian IV was defeated by Holy League under Tilly. In 1629 he signed Treaty of Lubeck as he withdrew from Saxony. Ferdinand derived Edict of Restitution which says all possession to Protestants should be given to Catholic Church. -
Treaty of Lubeck
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The Treaty of Lubeck ended the Danish war and participation of Denmark in the Thirty Year' War. According to signed treaty Denmark kept its pre-war territory including valuable state of Holstein. Christian IV of Denmark was forced to withdraw from Northern German provinces and Lower Saxon Circle. -
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The Swedish Period
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French Bourdons were afraid with the growth of Hapsburg power and as a result they signed an alliance. Catholic France and Protestant Sweden with king, Gustavus Adolphus were against Catholic Hapsburgs. As the time passed the conflicted raised to a European War. In 1632 at the Battle of Lutzen, Swedish army defeated Wallenstein’s army even though Gustavus Adolphus was killed. Swedish army was defeated by the emperor in Southern Germany. -
Battle of Lutzen
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It was between Swedish army under Gustavus Adolphus and Holy Roman Empire under the power of Catholic commander, Albrecht von Wallenstein. Swedish king decided to attack Catholic’s army however Albrecht von Wallenstein knew about the Swedish army approach and was ready for defense near Lutzen. On 16 November 1632, the armies clashed and during the battle Gustavus Adolphus was killed. At the end, it was victory for the Protestants. -
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The French Period
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The final period of thirty years' war was French Period. Cardinal Richelieu of France wanted to weaken the power of Hapsburgs and take province of Alsace. Richelieu was against Spain and its Hapsburg king, Philip IV. France’ success against Spain allow them to send large forces in Germany where Maximilian I of Bavaria and Catholic princes helped. In 1641 Peace as Louis II, the Prince of Conde which lead to series of wins, hope for Protestants in Germany and signing Peace of Westphalia in 1648. -
The Treaty of Prague
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The treaty of Prague was signed in the city of Prague by Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and Elector of Saxony representing most of Protestant States. The peace allowed to German princes to unite behind the Holy Roman Emperor and get protection of their land. The peace was reached by ending the Edict of Restitution. Alliance between separate states were prohibited and all armed forces were integrated into an Imperial army. -
The Peace of Westphalia
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Peace of Westphalia was series of peace treaties which ended the Thirty Years War. One of the treaty was between Spain and Netherlands and concluded with recognition of Dutch Republic. Other two important agreements were between Holy Roman Empire and new strong countries France and Sweden. German princes also made individual agreements allowed them to gain certain territory benefits. The Westphalian treaties contribute to new system of political order so called Westphalian Sovereignty. -
Treaty of Pyrenees
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The treaty of the Pyrenees ended the long lasting warfare between Spain and France . According to the treaty Spain was forced to cede to France many cities as Roussillo, Artois and Lorraine. The border between both county was fixed at the Pyrenees. The treaty included the agreed marriage between Louis XIV and the older daughter of Spanish King Infanta Maria Teresa de Austria.
