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The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences is a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, then a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany.
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Over the course of the debate, Luther denied the authority of the pope and declared Scripture alone to be the basis of authority (over even the Councils and the writings of the Church Fathers). In response, Pope Leo X promulgated the papal bull Exsurge Domine (1520), which threatened Luther with excommunication.
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Defender of the Faith has been one of the subsidiary titles of the English and later British monarchs since it was granted on 11 October 1521 by Pope Leo X to King Henry VIII.
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The Diet of Worms was the assembly convened by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to address, among other issues, the works of the reformer Martin Luther who openly criticized the Church.
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Luther's German translation of the New Testament appeared in 1522. He then translated the whole of the Bible into German with the first edition being published in Wittenberg in 1534.
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The Marburg Colloquy was a meeting at Marburg Castle, Marburg, Hesse, Germany, which attempted to solve a disputation between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli over the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist. It took place between 1 October and 4 October 1529.
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The Augsburg Confession, also known as the Augustan Confession or the Augustana from its Latin name, Confessio Augustana, is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Protestant Reformation.
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In 1531, Zwingli's alliance applied an unsuccessful food blockade on the Catholic cantons. The cantons responded with an attack at a moment when Zürich was ill-prepared, and Zwingli died on the battlefield.
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The Acts of Supremacy are two acts passed by the Parliament of England in the 16th century that established the English monarchs as the head of the Church of England; two similar laws were passed by the Parliament of Ireland establishing the English monarchs as the head of the Church of Ireland.
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The first complete Bible in English was published abroad, most likely in Antwerp, in 1535. Myles Coverdale (1488-1569), an Augustinian friar from Yorkshire educated at Cambridge, 'faithfully and truly translated [it] out of Douche [German] and Latin into English'.
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A devout defender of the Catholic Church, More felt he could no longer serve as Chancellor to Henry VIII and resigned his position. Unfortunately, this was the beginning of the end for More, who continued to argue against Protestantism and thus was tried and executed in July 1535.
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Tyndale continued to work on the Old Testament translation but was captured in Antwerp before it was completed. Condemned for heresy, he was executed by strangulation and then burned at the stake at Vilvoorde in 1536.
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The Dissolution of the Monasteries was a policy introduced in 1536 CE by Henry VIII of England to close down and confiscate the lands and wealth of all monasteries in England and Wales. The plan was designed as a lucrative element of his Reformation of the Church.
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The Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits, is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions, with the approval of Pope Paul III.
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The Peace of Augsburg, also called the Augsburg Settlement, was a treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Schmalkaldic League, signed on 25 September 1555 at the imperial city of Augsburg.
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The Council of Trent, held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent, now in northern Italy, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation at the time, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.
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On 18 February 1546, Luther died at the age of 62 years. The reason for his death is assumed to be a cardiac infarct. The question of how Martin Luther died became essential to the fate of the Protestant Reformation.
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The Book of Common Prayer is the name given to a number of related prayer books used in the Anglican Communion and by other Christian churches historically related to Anglicanism.
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The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion.
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Institutes of the Christian Religion is John Calvin's seminal work of systematic theology. Regarded as one of the most influential works of Protestant theology, it was published in Latin in 1536 at the same time as Henry VIII of England's Dissolution of the Monasteries and in his native French language in 1541.
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The Geneva Bible is one of the most historically significant translations of the Bible into English, preceding the King James Version by 51 years. It was the primary Bible of 16th century English Protestantism and was used by William Shakespeare, Oliver Cromwell, John Knox, John Donne and others.
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John Calvin was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.
John Calvin, French Jean Calvin or Jean Cauvin, (born July 10, 1509, Noyon, Picardy, France—died May 27, 1564, Geneva, Switzerland), theologian and ecclesiastical statesman. -
The Edict of Nantes, 1598. The Edict of Nantes, issued under Henry of Navarre after he ascended to the French throne as Henry IV, effectively ended the French Wars of Religion by granting official tolerance to Protestantism. Henry of Navarre had been a Calvinist, but before he was crowned, he converted to Catholicism.
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Publication of the KJV or Authorised Version, a translation for the Church of England.
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The Dutch Reformed Church holds the synod to discuss the issues raised by the supporters of Jacobus Arminius. At the Synod, Five point Calvinism is upheld in opposition to Arminianism.
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Louis XIV revokes the edict, leading to an exodus of Protestants from France.