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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun
https://www.al-islam.org/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-ashgar-razwy/abu-bakr-first-khalifa-muslims
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman
https://www.al-islam.org/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-ashgar-razwy/uthman-third-khalifa-muslims
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar -
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In 610, After the deceleration of the prophet of Islam by Muhammad, Abu Bakr quickly converted to the new religion in Mecca. Abu Bakr declared "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is His prophet and messenger."
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During 611, Uthman found out about the new religion in Mecca led by Prophet Muhammad. He quickly discuss with his closest friend, Abu Bakr. Later, he decided to convert Islam and follow Muhammad's Mission
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It was a battle between the Muslim Community in Medina led by the Holy prophet(Muhammad) against a force from Mecca Led by Abu Sufyan . Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali fought with the Muslim force against the Invaders.
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After the death of Muhammad ibnʿAbdullāh(The Prophet of Islam), Abu Bakr(Father-in-Law) was elected to ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate and became the first Muslim Caliph in Islam. Abu Bakr succeeded the teachings and exercised by The Prophet. Abu Bakr also published the first physical copy of the holy book of Quran.
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After the death of Abu Bakr(The First Caliph), Umar successfully became the next Rashidun Caliphate and the second caliph in Islam. Umar managed to built an empire that divided into provinces such as Azerbaijan and Armenia. Provinces were then divided into district that were controlled by junior governor. Other officers that were assigned by Umar at the provincial level are Chief Secretary, Military Secretary, Revenue Collector, Police Chief, Treasury Officer and Chief Judge.
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After the Rahidun Empire(Led by Umar) conquest on the city of Damascus, the military began to march north into Emesa, Syria. This has also caused the Seige of Emessa. As the Rashidun Empire was about to attack the Roman Empire's, they quickly formed a peace treaty in order to sustain the fight. This treaty was agreed that Emessa would pay 10,000 dinars and deliver 100 robes of brocade and in return. If whatsoever the Roman Empire brought more reinforcements, this will break the alliance.
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In the late 639, the Rashidun Empire decided to invade Egypt(The wealthiest land in the world) to financially gain the trade routes of north africa.
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Uthman ibn Affan was Muhammad's Companion and a son-in-law twice. He was also the third elected caliph of Islam. Uthman's leadership skills have brought the Islamic Empire expand through out the middle east(From Mecca to the current day Iran).
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Uthman's rule in 649 Muawiyah was allowed set up a navy; manned by Monophysitise Christians, Copts and Jacobite Syrian Christians sailors and Muslim troops. This caused on the defeat of the Byzantine navy at the Battle of the Masts in 655.
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In 655, Uthman directed the people who had any grievance against the administration to assemble at Mecca for the Hajj. He promised them that all their legitimate grievances would be redressed. He directed the governors and the "Amils" throughout the empire to come to Mecca on the occasion of the Hajj.
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Ali ibn Abi Talib was the cousin, son-in-law, and the companion of The Prophet of Islam(Muhammad). From the Sunni POV, Ali is the fourth caliph of Islam. While the Shia POV, he was the first Imam of Islam and was the first succeeded after the prophet's death. he was regarded as being free from error and sin, and appointed by God by divine decree through Muhammad.
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In 659 Ali's forces finally moved against the Kharijites and they finally met in the Battle of Nahrawan. Although Ali's Army won, a constant conflict began to rise that affect his leadership standing.
