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Two powerful empires, the Eastern Roman and the Persian, also threatened the new-born Islamic state at Medina.
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Abu Bakr was the father-in-law of Muhammad and one of the first Muslims
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Prophet Muhammad died at the age of 63, spending 23 years of his life as a prophet.
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Abu Bakr defeats the tribes against the Caliph, and the war reintroduced communities who had abandoned Islamic faith after the death of Muhammed.
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Abu Bakr also contributed to the collection and compliation of the verses of the Qu'ran
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Abu Bakr sent his best general, Khalid al-Walid, to invade the Sassanid Persian Empire and portions of the Byzantine Empire.
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Abu Bakr died after reigning for 2 years
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During a large part of Muhammed's life, Umar was one of the Prophet's leading advisers. He continued to expand the empire into Persia, Byzantine territory, and Egypt.
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The Rashidun forces under Umar defeated the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine), ending their rule over Syria.
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Umar instituted the Muslim calendar, which started in the year 639, Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina.
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Umar was assassinated by the Persians
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He was one of the 6 people who were nominated after the death of Umar. Abdul Rahman came to the mosque together with other Muslim and swore allegiance to Uthman.
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To stop the Byzantie harassment from the sea during Arab-Byzantine Wars, Mu'awiyah set up a navy.
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First definitive written edition of Qu'an
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Mu'awiyah's navy resulted in the defeat of the Byzantine navy at the Battle of the Masts, opening up the Mediterranean.
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The rebels broke into Uthman's house and murdered him. The first time the sword struck him, he was reciting the verse: "Verily, God sufficeth thee; he is the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing" [Qu'ran 2:137]
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Many people insisted that Ali should be the next Caliph, but he declined at first. When the notable Companions of the Prophet urged him, he finally agreed
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Ali was pressured to take revenge on the rebels who killed Uthman. This represented the first time two Muslims forces fought against each other. Ali's forces were victorious.
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Started by Mu'awiya, a member of Uthman's extended family and governor of Syria, wanted to seize the caliphate from Ali.
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Caliph Ali moved the capital of Islam to Kufa, Iraq.
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Battle of Siffin occurred between Ali and Mu'awiyah, Uthman's nephew. Those who followed Ali became the Shi'a, while those who followed Mu'awiyah became the Sunni.
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Ali is forced to face the Kharijites, a faction of his army who feel that he should not have accepted the arbitration.
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The Kharijites assassinated all the Islamic leaders in order to end the civil war.
