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Abu Bakr was elected to be the first caliph. He was The Prophet's closest companion. He was chosen as a caliph by the companions of the Holy Prophet/Muslim Community. Abu Bakr, by the Grace of God, strengthened his community and secured the Muslims against the perils.
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Before accepting Islam, Umar was one of Muhammad's (pbuh) enemies. He was Abu Bakr's closest assistant and adviser. When Abu Bakr died, all the people of Madinah swore allegiance to Umar. Umar vastly expanded Islam, which was mainly caused by his greatness in the quality of his rule.
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When the choice was limited to Uthman and Ali to be Umar's successor, Uthman became the third caliph after a brief speech and questionings in a mosque with other Muslims. During Uthman's rule, characteristics of Abu Bakr and Umar's caliphate continued. He created the compilation of a complete and authorative text of the Qur'an. He ruled for 12 years.
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The notable Companions of The Prophet (pbuh) urged Ali to take up office as the 4th Caliph. He was the first cousin of The Prophet (pbuh) and remained in closest association with him for nearly 30 years. He introduced a number of reforms, particularly in the levying and collecting of revenues.
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After Ali's death, Muawiya assumed the caliphate and then the caliphate became heriditary, passing from one king to another.
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