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It was announced by Pope Urban II, at the Clermont in France, that a crusade against the Infidels (Non-Believers) would begin.
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Led by Count Raymond IV of Toulouse; the First Crusade's goal was to Free the Holy Lands. The Crusaders recaptured Nicaea successfully and restored much of western Anatolia.
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In 1147,The Second Crusade began as a response the forces of Zengi. His army conquered the Christian County of Edessa. The Crusaders were unsuccessful in recapturing Edessa because as Zengi enemy reinforcements arrived; they overpowered the Crusaders and they retreated.
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The Third Crusade was called after Jerusalem was captured in 1187 by Saladin. England, France and the Roman Empire joined forces to recapture the Holy Land of Jerusalem. Their war efforts were unsuccessful; instead a treaty was developed to grant Muslim control over Jerusalem. It also allowed unarmed Christian merchants and pilgrims to visit the city.
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The Fourth Crusade expedition captured Constantinople of Jerusalem when Pope Innocent III revived the plans of Pope Urban II.
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The Children's Crusade was led by Stephen of Cloyes who led the European Christians to regain the Holy Lands. Overall, it failed as their main strategy was to trick children. Merchants would convince them to sail over to what they thought were the holy lands but in reality, were slave markets.
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The Crusaders tried to conquer the powerful Ayyubid state in Egypt in order to reclaim Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Lands. They failed and then surrendered.
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The first Crusade without direct support of the Papacy was led by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in 1228. The Sixth Crusade succeeded in reclaiming Jerusalem.
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The French King Louis IX goal was to take overJerusalem and Egypt. At the time, both were under the Muslim Ayyubid Dynasty control.
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The Eighth Crusade was launched against the city of Tunis but shortly after arriving on Tunis' shores the crusades efforts failed miserably. The army had become disease-ridden and they were forced to retreat back Europe.
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After two-centuries of fighting and attempting to recover the Holy Land of Jerusalem, it finally ended in failure. The last Catholic outposts were dismantled in 1291.
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Crusades. Retrieved from:
https://www.ancient.eu/Crusades/
Marshall W. Baldwin, Gary Dickson, Thomas F. Madden, (2019). Mayer, H. (1972). The crusades. New York: Oxford University Press. Crusades. Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/event/Crusades History.com Editors, (2010). Tyerman, C. (2005). The crusades : A very short introduction (A very short introductions). Oxford: Oxford University Press. (2005). Retrieved December 11, 2019, from INSERT-MISSING-DATABASE-NAME.
