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The Gregorian Reforms were a series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII and the circle he formed in the papal curia, which dealt with the moral integrity and independence of the clergy. The reforms are considered to be named after Pope Gregory VII, though he personally denied it.
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At the council of Clermont, Urban II appealed to a large crowd to take up weapons and recover Palestine from the Muslims.
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Knights from western Europe primarily formed the first crusading armies. These armies were successful in capturing and establishing four crusader states in Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli and Jerusalem.
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Compromise arranged in 1122 between Pope Calixtus II, and the Holy Roman emperor Henry V, settling the Investiture Controversy, a struggle between the empire and the papacy over the control of church offices.
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In 1144, Edessa was the first of the crusader states to fall. This led to a new crusade, led by Louis VII of France, and Conrad III of Germany. The second crusade would only last two years and is considered a failure.
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In 1187, Saladin's army invades the Kingdom of Jerusalem and destroys the christian forces there.
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Following the fall of Jerusalem. Europe exploded with religious fervor to reclaim the holy city. Led by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, King Richard I the Lionhearted of England, and Philip II Augustus, the king of France. They were unsuccessful in recovering Jerusalem from Muslim control.
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The Fourth Crusade was a Western European armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III, originally intended to reconquer Muslim-controlled Jerusalem. Instead, a chain of events led the Crusaders to attack the city of Constantinople, neutralizing the Byzantine Empire.
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Was a 20-year military campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, in southern France.
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a charter agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215. First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury to make peace between the unpopular King and a group of rebel barons, it promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown, to be implemented through a council of 25 barons.
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Christians must confess sins ones a year, pronounce of marriage banns, have a physical presence of Jesus in the Eucharist,