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WIlliam of normandy of france lands on southern coast, defefsts king harold and the anglo-saxon soldiers at the battle of Hastings
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- outstanding statesmen and soldier
- brought a new pattern of gov't that would make england the strongest state in all of europe
- invades england from france
- normann system combined with anglo-saxon
- great council
- kings court
- ordered a census of the property and property owners as a basis to collect all feudal dues owed to him -dominated the church
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Lay investiture of clerical officials (temporary)
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The murder of Thomas Becket, at the hand of King Henry. This greatly reflected the growing tensions between the church and the state, as King Henry would do anything to demonstrate that he was in control, and to prove himself.
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- First time he became more powerful then any of his vassals
- greatest ambition was to seize territory from the english
- Tripled the french royal domain
- Greatly strenghed the royal administrative system by collecting money from the vassals instead of military service
- Also established a supreme court of justice called the "parliament'
- Defied Innocent the second by divorcing his wife, but the pope imposed an interdict, so he backed down
- He created new sources of revenue
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- Thomas Beckett
- increased the jurisdiction of the royal courts at the expense of the feudal courts
- permenant system of circuit courts presided over by justices
- the jury system
- a body of Law for all england
- henrys court system also used jury for private trials
- justices, and jurys know facts of cases, so courts were quick
- stimulated growth of common law
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- inept ruler
- cruelty and inccrupulasness cost him the support of barons
- Magna Carta -> Limits kings power -> only feudal lands -> due process
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- only king in charge of whole island
- invaded scotland over and over again
- died before he took it over
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- Took advantage of the anti-semitism to expel teh jews and confisicate their possessions
- Man of violence, cunning, craft
- Heavily in debt to knights -> order suppressed on heresy charges
- Also got into a conflict with the pope, when the pope refused to allow him to tax the clergy, so he kidnapped him in order to get money
- Greedy
- Kings ability to increase the power and improve the orginization of the royal gov't was the important fact
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King Phillip VI of France seize Gascony. King Edward II declares war on France. Then the English have early victories
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South of Flanders, the battle at crecy. The french army is devastated by english longbow archers. THe french attacked without any planned stratagies. The english try to conquer all of france, but they did not have enough men.
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Death rates: 50-60%
crowded cities -
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Start of the rennaissance
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Follows trade routes
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60 jewish communities wiped out in germany, becasue anti-semitism increases as people look for someone to take the blame.
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Two popes, living in two cities. The church loses a lot of political power, and there is a loss of moral prestige. The state is now supreme. In avignon, france, and rome. In france living lavishly
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Another desicive english victory. 1500 french nobles die in haphazard attack across muddy feild. ENGLISH NOW CONTROL NORTHERN FRANCE
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Joan of Arc convinces King Charles to let her accompy them to Orleans. Has a religious conviction that God has sent her to free france. Within a month, french forces have recaptured Northern France
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The chinese gave up sea exploration and global ambitions because politicions persuaded the emporer that the outside world had nothing to offer China
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joan of arc is captured by the english and is charged with witchcraft
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Joan of Arc is burned at the stake as a witch
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Cosimo de medici took control of florence
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Francesco Sforza took over Milan after the last Visconti ruler died. Built a strong centralized goverment. Created an efficient tax system and genereated enormous tax revenure for the gov't.
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Constantinople was conquered by Ottoman Turks
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The french sucessfully repel the English out of france
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The movable type gradually overtook printing and the first european book produced from movable type was made in 1455- Gutenberg's Bible
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He was a italian soldier and politician, the younger son of Pope Alexander the sixth.
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He established a new dynasty. He abolished nobles private armies. he used diplomacy to avoid big wars, and didnt need to ask parliament for new taxes which firmed up his support
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An italian friar named Girolamo Savonarola came to florence and preached for reform
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Colombus set sails for the Americas and discovers a whole new continent (and kills 90% of the native people. Whoo, go smallpox!!)
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Savanarola was a serious man who urged the people of florence to give up their luxeries. The people of florance responded to Savonarola by burning their worldy possessions.
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A year later they turned against Savanarola and he was executed for heresy.
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Martin Luther becomes a monk after survivng a violent thunderstorm where he cried out "Saint Anne help me! I will become a monk."
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Erasmus wrote his "Praise of Folly" in which he was very critical of the church, and thought a lot unnecessary, and critized the abuses of the church. The difference between him and Luther was that Luther encouraged the german Princes to start their own churches and Erasmus did not.
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Martin Luther posted his 95 theses on the door of the castle church
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Pope leo the tenth threatened to excommunicate him if he did not recant. Luther threw the letter into a bonfire. Leo excommunicated him.
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Pope Leo summoned Martin Luther to the town of worms to stand trial. When Luther was told to recant, he refused
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Month after trial, Charles issued the edict or worms, declaring Luther an outlaw and a heretic
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Luther returned to Wittenberg and discovered that most of his ideas were being and already had been put into practice
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Ulrich Zwingli started his own reformation in Zurich. It was basically the same as Lutherism.
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German peasents revolted, and demanded an end to serfdom. Luther was horrified. The armies crushed the revolt, and massacred as many as 100,000 people. Feeling betrayed by Luther, many peasents rejected his religious leadership.
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German princes who remained loyal to the pope agreed to join forces against Luther and his ideas. The princes with Luther signed a protest against the agreement, and came to be known as PROTESTants.
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Luther and Zwingli met to discuss merging the two religions, but they disagreed on one thing. They could not agree whether the lords supper was literal or symbolic. Luther thought that the bread and wine was representative of Jesus's body and blood, whereas Ulrich thought that they were actually drinking and eating Jesus's blood and body.
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The english act of supremecy. The king would be in charge of the church, ad be able to pick the clergy, and be conpletly in charge of the church of england.
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The jesuits were recignized as a religious order. They were founded by Ignatious of Loyola.
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King Charles V defeated the princes, but he failed to force them to transfer to cathalosism (sp?)
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The german princes and king Charles V all signed a agreement called the peace of ausburg, determining that the leader would be able to pick whatever religion he wanted for his kingdom
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Pax Romana ends
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- Weak Leader
- King of tiny Feudal estate
- Kept french crown in family
- Weaker then Vassals