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The death of Muhammad plunged his followers into grief. The prophet had been a pious and a powerful leader. No one else had been able to unify Bedouin tribes.
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Ali became the fourth caliph but he was assassinated in a struggle for leadership. Later his son, too, was killed, Many other Shiites died in the battle against Sunni trying to install their candidates for caliph.
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Muslim armies conquered even more land. Muslims defeated Byzantine forces across North Africa.
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Muslims advanced into Western Europe was halted. Muslims would rule parts of Spain for centuries.
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One of his generals invited one of his members of the defeated Umayyad family to a banquet and killed them all.
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In Spain, Egypt and elsewhere independent dynasties ruled separate Muslim states. As the caliphs power faded civil wars erupted and Shiites rulers took over parts of the empire.
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They adopted Islam and built a large empire across the fertile crescent.
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He left the Abbasid caliph as a figurehead.
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As the Seljuk pushed into Asia Minor, they threatened the Byzantine empire.
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450 years the city passed back and forth between Muslims and Christians.
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They regained it after his death holding it until 1244
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Mongol armies returned again and again
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Later, the Mongols adopted Islam
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Through he himself was a Muslim. Tamerlane's ambitions led him to conquer Muslim as well as non-Muslim lands. His victorious armies overran Persia and Mesopotamia before invading Russia and India.
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Spain flourished as a center of Muslim Civilization.
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During his Reign the empire grows and enjoys a golden age.
