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They agreed that Abu Bakr should become the caliph, or leader of both the religious movement and the government power that Muhammad had established.
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The war created long-lasting tension within the Islamic community, and Ali was assassinated.
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He looked to the local Christian and Jewish authorities for recognition of spiritual kinship. Even when their leaders rejected him as a false prophet, Muhammad still believed that Jews and Christians were, like Muslims, “People of the Book,” who also followed the written teachings of God’s prophets and so were alike in some ways.
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To establish the first Islamic state, he assigned Jews and Christians certain rights and responsibilities. He gave them freedom of religion in return for the payment of a special tax. This tax was later exacted from Christians as well as Jews residing in all conquered territories.
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After Muhammad’s death, a council of many of Muhammad’s closest advisors said Abu Bakr should become the caliph. Abu Bakr first task was to runite the two communitys and that was a fail
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Against ex-Muslim that wasn't full Muslim. Abu Bakr was one of Muhammad’s original followers. Abu Bakr should become the caliph, or leader of both the religious movement and the political power that Muhammad had established.
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Abu bakr led a small Arab group to war against other empires. Historians refer to Abu’s military campaigns in 633 against ex-Muslims as the Riddah Wars.
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Caliph Abu Bakr declared jihad, or holy war, on the Byzantine Empire, which was peopled mostly by Greek-speaking Christians. Abu died shortly after, so his successor Caliph Umar took control.
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Uthman then ordered all earlier copies of the Quran to be destroyed. Abu left off and commissioned a committee to complete the standardization of the Quran based on accounts from people who were present when Muhammad preached in Medina and Mecca.
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The Arabs and their conquered territories stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to India. Umar allowed Jews and Christians to continue to worship as long as they paid a tribute to the leaders.
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Rebels overthrew the Umayyad Dynasty, and a new dynasty emerged called the Abbasid Dynasty (750–1258).