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The Mughal Empire marks their beginning. The forces of Babur, a Central Asian ruler descended from Genghis Khan, defeat the Lodi Empire of Northern India. This is one of the first wars in where gunpowder, firearms, and field artillery were used. Babur's rile is marked by ongoing wars of aggression, which prevent him from stabilizing his empire.
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Babur's death in 1530 leads to difficulties with his son Humayun's succesion. Some of the nobles instead try to install Hamayun's uncle, Mahdi Khwaja, and, though they are defeated, it signals Humayun's weakness. Humayun gains the throne in 1531
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Sher Shah Suri, the leader of the rival Sur dynasty, drives Humayun out of India and seizes power in 1540. Humayun takes refuge with the Safavid rulers in Persia, which serves to create a strong bond with the two dynasties.
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Humayun takes advantage of the death of both Sher Shah Suri and his son and succcessor, Islam Shah, to march an army provided by his Persian allies back to India. He puts the army under the leadership of Bairam Khan, who proves himself a much more skilled tactician. He retakes Delhi for Humayun and restores the Mughals to power.
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Shortly after retaking power, Hummayun stops for daily prayer in the middle of carrying books down a flight of stairs and trips, He is faatally injured and dies three days later.
Humayun's son, Akbar. succeeds hum under a regent, Bairam Khan, the general who had won victory for his father. -
On Novermber 5, 1556, under Bairam Khan, the Mughal army defeats the Surs and Soldifies Akbar's control. On January 31, 1561, under the guidance of his mother and other supporters, Akbar strips Bairam Khan of the regency, and Khan is assassinated on a journey to Mecca.
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Akbar is now in control of the empire. He is known for developing trade with europe, developing a strong system of administration, and growing thee economy. He is able to acquire flintlock guns from Europe, which give him a huge military advantage.
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Jahangir, Akbar's oldest son, impatiently leads a revolt against his father in 1599 while Akbar is occupied in a foreign military campaign. While he is defeated, he still has enough political support from the women in Akbar's harem, including Akbar's mother, to retain his role as successor.
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he became emperor thanks to a woman, and his son, Khusrau Mirza, revels against him. He killed his sons's supporters and blind him. He became alcoholic and neglects his role as ruler allowing him to be manipulated by rival factions.
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he dies on his return from Kahmir and is succeeded by his third son, Shah Jahan. during this period that the court's opulence becomes more expensive than its value.
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Shah Jahan constructed the Taj Mahal in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Its is recognized as one of the finest architecture of Mughal.
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his oldest son, Dara Shikoh, becomes regent for him but his younger brother, Auangzeb, allies with conservative Islamic factions to oppose him
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Auragzeb defeats Dara Shikoh and has him executed,Shah Jahan was recovered but Auragzeb declares him unfit for rule and has him imprisoned. He tried to expand his empire but his harsh religious conservatism undermines the stability of the empire. This marks the beginning of the decline of the Mughal's power.
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He tried to undo the policies of his father but it was too late. The empire descends into chaos and violent feuds after his death and starts to brake up.
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Solidify their claim on trade with India. Bahadur Shah Zafar was the final ruler of Mughal, he leads a revolr against them, the revolt is defeated and the mughals deposed by the the East India company, which assumes formal control over the country and ends the Mughal Empire.
