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Iranian Empire with a capital in Ctesiphon, Mesopotomia. the Sasanid emperors established Zoroastrianism as the state religion. Islamic Arab armies overthrew the empire.
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Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemal and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.
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It was the imperial capital of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire, the Latin Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city.
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Historians' name fot the eastern portion of the roman empire from the fourth century onward, taken from Byzantium an early name for Constantinople, the byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.
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Its a monothesic religion believe on the Qur'an and Allah. Founded when Muhammad was given the revelations as he prayed.
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The split was caused by Shias believeing that no one should be before Ali in the caliphate since they are of no direct blood relations. Sunnis regarded him as the last caliphate.
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First heredity dynasty of Muslim caliphs. From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Empire.
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Islam has had a fundamental presence in the culture and history of the nation.
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Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Empire and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad.
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Were a Turkish tribe from Central Asia and poured into Persia. They established an enlightened tolerant government in Central Anatolia.
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Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians broght an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.
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The title of temujin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227) (the "oceanic"or "universal" leader). He was the founder of the Mongol Empire.
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was a Kurdish Muslim, who became the Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, he ruled over Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, and Yemen.
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East & Central Europe, Middle East, and Asia. The result was Mongol vitory and the fall of Mongol Empire.
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Centralized Indian Empire created by Muslim Invaders.
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English charter that omits certain temporary provisions, including the most direct challenges to the monarchs authority. It set down rights which became part of English law and which are now the foundation of the constitution. It did not grant any new rights, but it did protect existing rights in writing. These rights included the basic right of anyone convicted of a crime to a jury trial; protection of private property; reasonable limits on taxes and a degre
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Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slave who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually found their own state, ruling egypt and Syria.
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Ruler of Mali. His pilgrimage through Egypt and Mecca in 1324-25 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.
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Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico. They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.
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Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consoliated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire for nearly a century and founded the Mughal Empire in India.
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Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving Enlgish and French royal families and French noble families.
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Ghana-Trade was an essential element in the rise and fall (cloth, brocades, copper, salt, valuable gold). Were invaded by Almoravids.
Mali- famous for weaving, mining, and architecture. It was better in wealth and power than Ghana. Civil wars reduced its power.
Songhai- Largest and most powerful of all 3. Famous for progress in education. Lost control of their center of learning -
Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. Yongle (Ming Emperor) sponsored the building of the Forbiden City and the voyages of Zheng He. after, the Ming saw a slowdown in technological development and economic decline.
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An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by Yongle (Ming Emperor) with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.
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(Moveable type) started the printing revolution. It uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document
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A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, "rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture.
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Was a Grand Prince of Moscow and "Grand Prince of all Rus," also known as Ivan the Great. He tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde over the Rus, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state
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Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.
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It was a realm that existed for about a millenium in central Europe ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favor of the princes, especially under Habsburg rule. In its last centuries, its character became quite close to a loose union of territories.
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Short Imperial Chinese dynasty which unified China, followed by the Tang.
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Empire that Unified China and part of Central Asia, The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an.
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Empire in central and southern China while the Liao people controlled the north. Its distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics.
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State established at Kiev in Ukraine by Scandinvian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly slavic farming population.
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Was the King of the Franksand Emperor of the Romans. He expanded the Frankish into an empire (most of Western and Central Europe). He conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus. He was a rival of the Byzantine Emperor.