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1494
Italian wars
series of violent wars for control of Italy, spain and France fought a lot for it but so did Europe -
1517
Martin luthers writes 95 theses
he decided to take a stand against the church and the actions of the pope involving indulgences and other abuses -
1524
peasant war
peasants revolting, inspired by the reformations, religious, economic, and political issues -
1534
act of supremacy in england
defined the right of Henry the 8th to be the supreme head on earth of the Church of England -
1536
John Calvin's institutes of the christian religion
book expressed ideas about god, salvation, and human nature -
1540
jesuit order founded
members took vows of poverty and chastity and made plans to work for the conversion of muslims -
1542
start of roman inquisition
for combat protestantism-hearsay in catholic territories, holy office of the inquisiton that would punish hearsay in Europe and America -
1543
Nicolaus Copernicus publishes on the revolutions of the heavenly bodies
-found that the stars, earth, and planets revolved around the sun
-formulated quantity theory of money,
states money supply has a direct proportional relationship with the price level -
1545
council of Trent
council of the Roman Catholic Church, conference to reform abuses and errors in the church, affirm traditional church teachings and authority -
1555
peace of Augsburg
all German princes to assemble in the city of Augsburg-the princes all agreed that each ruler would decide the religion of his state -
1558
reign of Elizabeth I
queen of England from 1558-1603, established the Church of England because she wanted a new moderate religious settlement derived from Henry the 8ths break from Rome -
1560
scotland becomes calvinist
the Church of Scotland was reformed as a result of English and French rivalry and the impact of the continental reformation -
1572
st Bartholomew's day massacre
massacre of French protestants in Paris, carried out my Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens -
edict of Nantes
law promulgated at Nantes by Henry VI of France, granted large religious liberty to his protestant subjects -
rene descrates publishes discourse on method
-provided important new tools
-developed analystic geometry
-believed scientist needed to reject old assumptions and teachings -
baron de montesquie publishes "on the spirits of laws"
-political theory work-the idea of separation of powers, shaped modern democratic government
-keep any individual group from gaining control of government, they were able to check each other