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Cicero was studied during the humanist movement. He supported republican governments, admired by Petrarch.
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From 1000-1300 the climate in Europe became warmer.
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(1100s-1200s) Large numbers of people migrated within Europe in search of food, work, and peace. English into Scotland and Ireland; Germans, French, and Flemings into Poland. Bohemia, and Hungary. French into Spain.
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(1100s-1200s) Venice merchants grew wealthy because Venice traded year long due to their technological advancements.
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(1100s) Poor nobles began to marry into rich merchant families for a combination of prestige and wealth.
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By the 12th century most European countries considered homosexuality a crime against nature.
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In twelfth century, popolo used violence to take over governments in Italy but could not keep power because they were unstable.
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English denies the Irish access into their courts.
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(1250-1450) Representative Assemblies flourished in European countries, laid the groundwork for the representative institutions of modern democratic nations. After it declines, Parliament endured.
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In the late thirteenth century, merchants began to rise economically in Europe. Acquired control of papal banking.
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in 1300 Climate in Europe became colder and wetter. Called "little ice age." Storms ruined agriculture that people depended upon.
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(1300s-1400s) Fur Collar Crimes were created because groups of noble bandits would roam the English countryside and steal.
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During the High Middle Ages (1000-1300) was the origin of many basic institutions: sherriffs, inquests, juries, circut judges, professional bureaucracies, and representative assemblies.
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(1309-1376) Papacy was moved from Rome to Avignon. Damaged papal prestige as Avignon papacy reformed its financial administration and centralized its government.
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(1315-1322) The Great Famine in Northern Europe. Cost of grain, livestock, and dairy products increased. Reduced caloric intake led to susceptibility to disease. Villages were abandoned. Population decline. People targeted and killed Jews.
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Infection in sheep caused decline in wool exports and Flemish weavers could not work.
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Peasants revolted because they were forced to pay taxes to the French.
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Plague symptoms were first reported in South Western China (Mongolese.
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War between France and England over territory and claim to the French throne
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Parliamentary statute decides that Edward III cannot tax without approval of the Parliament
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In 1347 the plague was carried to Europe on Genoese ships through rats. It affected Italy the most. 1.4 million English died.
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In January 1348m the Plague hit Venice and Genoa. Other countries tried to close their gates to avoid the plague.
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German clergy suffered a decline in population because they cared for the sick during the plague.
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Petrarch introduced the idea of studying Greek and Roman classics.
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English response to Peasants Revolt which freezed wages and binded workers to their manors. Huge economic gap between peasants and their lords.
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French Peasants revolted because of the taxes they were forced to pay after the Hundred Years' war.
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Irish law that there were no marriages allowed between Irish and English people.
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Papal court was returned to Rome.
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Urab VI was the pope in Rome and Clement VII was the antipope in Avignon. Lasted until 1417.
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English Peasant's revolted because they demanded higher wages and fewer manorial obligations. Incited by English tax on all adult males.
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(1400s-1500s) Courts created by the signori and oligarchs evolved and displayed wealth and power. Was adopted by other rulers.
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Five powers dominated the Italian Peninsula: Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, and Kingdom of Naples. Mostly because they all had strong governments.
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(1404-1472) Alberti wrote an autobiography about all of his achievements.
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Christine de Pizan of France was the wife of an Artisan who believed that standards for women were unfair and that they were virtuous. She wrote "City of Ladies" to get his across, she was wealthy and educated. First female to be recognized for her writing.
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Jan Hus was declared a heretic by the Holy Roman Empire and was burned at the stake.
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Papacy deposed the Roman pope and isolated the anitpope, choosing a new pope and ending the Great Schism.
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(1422-1461) Charles VII revived the monarchy in France: papal control, political marriages, army, compromises, etc.
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(r. 1422-1461) Because of the rule of Henry IV (4. 1399-1413) The monarchy in England was weakened. Henry VI further sunk the monarchy.
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In 1427 a census of Florence was taken, proving that older people lived there. The plague took the lives of the young rather than the old. Less workers, inflated prices, labor shortages.
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Joan of Arc leads the French attacks in the battle of New Orleans
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Joan of Arc was captured by Burgundians and sold to the English.
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Jan Hus's church is recognized in Bohemia, merged with other Protestant Church.
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Joan of Arc was declared a heretic by the English and burned at the stake.
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(1433-1499) Marisilio Ficino elevated the works of Plato.
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The Medici family began their rule of Florence which ended in 1494
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Gutenberg establishes the first printing press, in France. By 1551 they are widespread about Europe.
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(1452-1519)
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The War ended in a French victory with conquering of Normandy and Aquitaine.
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Civil war between York and Lancaster.
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Charles VII declares Joan of Arc a Martyr.
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(1436-1494) Student of Ficino, wrote "On the Dignity of Man" stressed that man possessed great dignity because he was made in the image of God. Man has no limits.
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(1466?-1536) Erasmus was a Christian Humanist who believed in the education of women through the gospels. In "Education of a Christian Prince" he believes that princes should exhibit Christian values.
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Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, still failed to unite Spain.
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Fierce opposition of the Medici family, was responsible for diplomatic missions and organizing a citizen army.
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The rise of Christian Humanism began, humanist beliefs were combined with Christian values by Northern humanists.
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Ferdinand received permission from Pope Sixtus to establish an Inquisition to search out and punish converos.
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The Inquisition was established in Spain, which gave power to the church.
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At the end of the 15th century, conspicuous consumption began - first with wealthy merchants or rulers, like the Medici family. And then on to the church like Pope Julis II who comissioned Michaelangelo.
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(r. 1485-1509) Did not trust nobility and did not allow to be among the king's advisors. Instead chose common people with backgrounds in law.
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Spain conquered Granada which ended the Inquisition, and thus united spain.
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With French Invasion of Italy by Charles VIII ended the Medici Rule.
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Savonarola called for people to destroy anything that might lead them to sin: fancy things, pagan books, etc.
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Savonarola was burned at the stake where the Bonfire of Vanities took place.
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Debate about women also became debate about women rulers, but women rulers were not often opposed when they were born into power.
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Michaelangelo began in 1501 and finished in 1504
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(1511-1574) First man to use the word Renaissance, published his own autobiography.
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Machiavelli published The Prince regarding how a Prince should behave. "It is better to be feared than loved."
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(1478-1535.) Thomas Moore published the book "Utopia" which was a satire. Viewed as a revolutionary critique as his own hierarchial society.
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Castiglione wrote "The Courtier" in which he described the ideal behavior for a courtier or courtwoman. Believed that woman should be educated.
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Michaelangelo began the Last Judgement and finished in 1541.
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After decline in England's rural serfdom, it disappeared.
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Charles V's son Phillip II joined Portugal to the Spanish crown, the Iberian Peninsula was united.
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Last appearance of the Plague in Europe (Mersailles.)
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