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The Middle Ages were known for the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. It was also called the medieval era.
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The Franks were later united into a single kingdom known as modern day France. The leader, Clovis, sent out missionaries to spread the Christian religion around the kingdom.
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The Carolingian Dynasty was a Frankish noble family. The family was originated by Charlemagne's father, Pepin the Short.
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The Normans and Soxions fought to see who would be king - Normandy, William the Conquer or Anglo-Saxion, Harold Godwinson. The Normans won after William was killed.
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The Lay Investiture was a ceremony where the kings and the nobles were appointed church officials. But Pope Gregory VII banned it.
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Once Henry IV got mad about Pope Gregory VII banning the Lay Investure, the pope excommunicated him. He wanted to earn the pope's forgiveness so he traveled to the Italian town of Canossa, which he gave.
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The Crusades
A crusade is a "holy war" and their purpose is to gain control of the Holy Land. There were 8 crusades during these years. -
Church representatives and the emperor met in the city of Worms, Germany. They reached an agreement also known as the Concordat of Worms.
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Fredrick continually kept invading the wealthy cities of Italy and the Italian merchants united against them to make the Lombard League. They held victory over the Fredrick's army of knights.
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The foot soldiers of the Lombard Leauge defeated the Fredrick's army at the Battle of Legnano. After the battle, Fredrick made peace with the pope since the pope was on the team of the foot soldiers.
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Fredrick drowned in 1190 and after he did, his empire suddenly became multiple fragmented feudal states.
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During the fourth crusade, Constantinople was taken over by western Christians. The crusaders destroyed or stole ancient Roman and Greek items and they sacked churches and monasteries.
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This document was created by English nobles and approved by King John. It had guaranteed rights that inclued no taxation without representation, jury trial, and the protection of the law.
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Parliament is a legislative group that was broken into 2 groups; one was knights and burgesses known as the House of Commons and the other was nobles and bishops known as the House of Lords. It was called Model Parliament for the new details were models for future kings.
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Hundred Years' War
The King of Englad, who was the son of a French Princess, claimed to be a ruler of France too. France and England fought over who was king, -
The Black Death: Bubonic Plague
One third of Europe's population died of this disease. Once people got them, they developed purplish or blackish spots on their skin and ended in death, -
The author, Geoffery Chaucer, wrote this book in English (vernacular). The story is about a journey to the monument of St. Thomas a Becket.
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A schism is a split in the church. There were 3 Popes and each didn't agree, so a division was final.
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Joan of Arc was a young girl that had the voice of God's angels in her mind. People believed the voice was the devil. They ended up burning her alive at the stake for witchcraft.
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It all started when Alexius Commenus asked Pope Urban II to defend his land. But it all ended because the Christians captured Jerusalem.
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Charlemagne protected the pope when enemies were sorrounding the Frankish Empire and later was rewarded with being crowned emperor.
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Otto the Great was a true follower of Charlemagne and copied his policies. He created a very close alliance with the church and he attacked Italy on the pope's behalf, which lead him to become the emperor.
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Charlemagne died after 15 years of ruling. After he died, the Holy Roman Empire was the kingdom that arose the strongest from his empire's ruins.
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Charlemagne was crowned king of the Western Roman Empire. He reunited the empire in his time of reign.
