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pg 158-159
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Muhammad goes into a cave looking over Mecca and meditates like he has been doing for years. This time the angel Gabriel appears to him and gives him his first revelation. After this Muhammad has more revelations and creates Islam by teaching the people of Mecca about what God, or Allah, has told him.
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After preaching to the people of Mecca about his revelations for three years he had only obtained thirty followers. Many people saw him as a madman and others were concerned that his attempts to change the traditional beliefs would damage political and social order. After he and his followers were persecuted they fled to Medina and took refuge in the city.
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While in Medina Muhammad was sucessful in gaining followers from the people of Medina and the surrounding Bedouin tribes. With these people he created the first Muslim comunity and also created an army. With this army Muhammad stormed and conquered Mecca, converting the inhabitants to Islam. He then made a visit to the Ka'aba and declared it a sacred Islamic place.
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When Muhammad died there was much confusion about who would take his place as religious and political leader. The Muslims eventually elected Abu Bakr as caliph.
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When Abu Bakr becomes the first caliph he used the "jihad" defined in the Qur'an as "striving in the way of the Lord." The jihad was holy war and the muslims used this to conquer and stretch Islamic territory as far as it could go.
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Muhammads teachings and revelations were finally written down when Caliph Ultman has his teachings written down. This book was called the Qur'an.
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After Muhammad's cousin and caliph Ali is murdered Mu'awiya takes over and establishes the Umayyad dynasty. This dynasty lasts for almost one hundred years. Under the Umayyads Islam continues to grow through conquest and irrigation.
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Under the rule of the Umayyads Islam grew through conquests and immigration.
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Islamic forces enter Spain from north Africa. This expands Islam to the edge of the Atlantic ocean, basically as far west as it can go.
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Islamic forces enter France, but are finally defeated and must retreat. This was the high point of the Islamic expansion in Europe.
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Abu al-Abbas, a descendent of Muhammad's uncle overthrows the increasingly corrupt Umayyads and established the Abbasid dynasty.
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The Abbasids move the capitol to Baghdad. They do this to strategically position the capitol on the Tigris river in order to take advantage of river traffic to the Persian Gulf.
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A Turkish leader captures Baghdad and declares himself emperor with the title sultan or holder of power. The Abbasid caliph remains the highest representative of Sunni religious authority, but the Turks make up the military and political power of the Islamic world.
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The Byzantine Empire challenges the Turks military power and pay for it with land. To the Turks goes most of the Anatolian penninsula.
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The armies of the First Crusade capture Jerusalem.
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Muslims under Salidin conquered Jerusalem from the Christians and destroyed the Christian forces.
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Works Cited:
Duiker, William J., and Jackson J. Spielvogel. The Essential World History. Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. -
Gengis Khan and the Mongols enter Baghdad, kill the caliph, and destroy the city. This marks the end of the Abbasid dynasty, and an end to the main spread of Islam.
http://www.iraqiembassy.us/sites/default/files/photos/history_timeline_photo_09_1.JPG
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