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claims to be the Hidden Imam and is proclaimed Shah (king) of Persia. Ottomans control Mecca and Medina. Castile and Aragon capture Granada. All Muslims (and Jews) expelled from Spain.
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Capital of Ottoman Empire moved from Bursa to Adrianople. The two halves of the Ottoman Empire are united and the sultan becomes Byzantine emperor.
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Reign of Uthman (Osman), who founds the Ottoman Empire. ttomans capture Bursa and Iznik and move into Europe.
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Mongols capture Baghdad; city is sacked and caliph is killed. End of Abbasid caliphate.Genghis Khan and the Mongols enter Persia.
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Death of Saladin; most of Crusader states have returned to Islam. Assassins wipes out by the Mongols. Indian rulers in Delhi take title of Sultan.
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Sufis orders are found. Life of Averroës, Muslim philosopher from Cordoba who sought to integrate Islam with Greek thought.
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Seljuk Turks take Baghdad; Abbasids now only nominated rulers. Hasan-i Sabbah takes Alamut in the Persian mountains, the Assassin sect forms around him.
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Umayyad Abd ar-Rahman III makes himself caliph in Cordoba. Fatimids gain power in Egypt and attack Palestine, Syria, and Arabia. Umayyad caliphate in Cordoba defeated by the Christian Reconquista.
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Uprisings of black slaves. Zanj are eventually defeated.
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Baghdad is the new capital of the Abbasid empire. Division within Shi'ites - majority are the modern Imamiyya. Reign of Ma'mun. Theological controversy over whether the Qur'an is created or uncreated.
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Revolt defeats the Umayyads. Abu l'Abbas is granted caliph in Iraq.
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Muslims go into Spain and pushed into France. Muslim empire reaches its furthest extent. Battle of Tours stops further advance northwards.
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Ali is murdered; Mu'awiya becomes caliph. Beginning of Umayyad Caliphate. Ruling classes in East and West Africa change to Islam. Groups of mystics begin to form.
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Muhammad died and Abu Bakr was chosen as Caliph. Muslim armies take the Fertile Cresent. Uthman is murdered. Battle of Siffin. Mu'awiya, governor of Syria, claims the caliphate.
