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Muhammad's historyMohammad was born in Meca.
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Muhammad said he heard a divine voice, who he later believed to have beeen the angel Gabriel of the Christian religion, telling him that Allah is the one and only god. He said that he then received further instructions to adopt the title Prophet and convert the Quaraish to accept that there Allah is the one and only God.
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LinkUnfortunately, the Quaraish refused to convert to the new religion, so Muhammad and his small band of followers migrated to yathrib in the north, where people were more open to the new religion. Muhammaad then made himsef the ruler then changed the name of the town to Medina.
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MeccaMuhammad and his followers overtake Mecca, and with the Quaraish in submission, the kaba was made the main shrine of Islam.
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When Muhammad died, Islam became greatly unstable because Muhammad did not make a succession plan, so Abu Bakr and Umar made a plan to maintain religious and political stability.Abu-Bakr begins a military exhibition to enforce the caliph's authority over Arabian followers of Muhammad. He then moved northward overtaking Byzantine and Persian forces.
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Abu Bakr dies two years after his succession of Muhammad. Umar succeeds him as the second caliph and began a campaign against the neighboring empires.
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The Arabs occupied the Persian capital of Ctesiphon.
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When Islam spread to Egypt, the catholics asked for their help in freeing the Egyptians form Roman oppressors. This generated a great relationship between the Christians and Jews. This also influenced the muslim conquest to to use liberation, rather than subjagation of conqured people.
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Islam spread all through North Africa
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Caliph Uthman was murdered, and so Ali becomes the new caliph.
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Not satisfied with Ali, Uthman's followers murdered Ali, and one of Uthman's relations took the title of caliph.
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Egypt, Spain and North Africa, includeing all of the Persian empire and most of the old Roman world came under Islamic rule.
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The Abbasids overtake the rule of the Islamic world, except for Spain because it fell under the rule of a descendant of the Umayyad family and they moved the capital to Baghdad in Iraq.
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Islamic rule is weakened due to power struggles among Islamic leaders and the Christian crusades.
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Muslim control of Spain is reduced to the Kingdom of Granada, which survives for more than two centuries more.
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In Egypt, the Mamluk dynasty took the caliphate until 1517 when Egypt fell under the control of the Ottoman Turkish Empire.
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Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile finally end Muslim rule in Spain.
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A Shi'is invaded Baghdad, and the Abbasid Empire became just a symbol of unity to the muslim community.
