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Muhammad was born into a merchant family in Mecca. His was orphaned by the age of six and he was raised by his uncle.
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Muhammad was meet in a cave by the angel Gabriel who commanded him to preach the revelataions that he will be given. Out of these revelations came the Qur'an, the holy scriptures of Islam. The Qur'an contained the rules that Muslims should live by.
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Muhammad took several of his best followers with him to the city of Yathrib, later named Medina. He failed at converting the Jewish community in Yathrib, but he did gain the support of many of the city's residents and some from the surrounding Bedouin tribes. This lead to the first muslim community called the umma. Eventually he was able to gather a big enough milatary force to conquer Mecca and convert the townspeople to the new faith.
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Abu Bakr unifies the Bedouin tribes under a common religion and instead of fighting against each other, the tribes join together to rapidly fight and conquor other territories.
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When Muhammad dies there was not a order of sucession in place, leaving a potential struggle for his position. This struggle was avoided because several of his closest followers nominated Abu Bakr, Muhammad's father-in-law, to be the caliph.
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The Islamic Empire obtained a great victory over the Byzantine Empire spreading their reign to the north.
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After the tribes begain to fight together, they successfully conqued their neighbors and created a vast empire. They could not defeated untill they meet with thr Franks at the Battle of Poitiers.
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The Arabs defeated the entire empire of the Sassanids growing the size of the empire vastly.
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After Ali was assassinated the governer of Syria, Mu'awiya, was nominated caliph. This lead to the creation of the Umayyad dynasty.
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The Umayyad dynasty started when Mu'awyia made the caliph hereditary. This dynasty was charterized by almost constant expansion.
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A revolt lead by Abu al-Abbas, a descendent of Muhammad's uncle, was caused by the decadent behavor of one caliph, and this lead to to the creation of the Abbasid Dynasty.
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Durring the Abbasid Dynasty many things were changed including the distinction between the Arab and non-Arab Muslims, and the capital city was moved to Baghdad.
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Works Cited Duiker, William J., and Jackson J. Spielvogel. The Essential World History. Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2011. Print.
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Hussein, Ali's second son, disputed the legitimacy of the Umayyads and incited his supporters. They were called Shi'ites. The Shi'ites rose up againsed Umayyad rule but failed.
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When Hurun dies a distute is started between his sons lead to civil war and the distruction of Baghdad leading to political unrest.
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Hurun al-Rashid was a caliph whos reign was known as the golden age of the Abbasid caliphate. Durring this time the Arabs conqured many of the richest provences in Rome and now controled the traiding routes to the east. Due to this Baghdad became the traiding center from Europe, Central Asis, and Africa; allowing the exchange of goods, culture, ideas , and technology
