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the Scotland establish the Scottish parliament ( cancelled the pope’s authority)
•John Knox= key character in this reformation -
some of his acts:
-Acts of Appeals (1533): people could not appeal to the pope overturn Henry’s rulings o the church= power in the politic +the religion
- Act of Succession (1534): Henry’s marriage with Catherine is void+child Mary illegitimate. -
recognized Henry VIII as the « supreme head of the church of the england », England become protestant. -
1534: England become Protestant ( started run from catholicism) = reformation
1801: Reunification —> United Kingdom -
For Henry VIII it’s a lot about religion but also about financial game too. ( 1536-1540) -
henry VIII ordered that a copy of the Bible in English be placed in every parish church.To meet this demand, they had to get lots of English bibles printed -
It reasserted in many ways traditional Catholic doctrine as the basis of faith for the English Church
These articles shocked the reformers who called it a “whip with six strings” -
Edward repeals it and now everyone is allowed to read the Bible -
the catholic faith was criticized because the service were in latin meant that the laypeople did not understand it.
But after encouraging the reading of the Bible for all. Henry VIII restricted the reading of the Bible to a privileged few. -
expedition to kidnap Mary so she goes to France and marry Francis to run away from Henry VIII
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The last survivors child of Henry VIII with his 3rd wife. He became king while he was still a child ( 9 years old)
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protestants rites for church services + a book for every pope in the entire country (of a common prayer)
The book of common prayer was a way of achieving religious unity by making the rites of the anglican liturgy uniform. -
she was the legitimate heir, but she was declared as a « bastard », but because of Henry VIII’s act of succession, she was supposed to become the queen after Edward VI. So she “took back her place “
she burns 300 radical protestant
= Time of the “Marian persecutions“ -
Edward VI died in 1553. His will indicated that he wished for lady Jane Grey to be his heir :The nine days’ protestant queen ( ruled for 9 days)
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reunification with Rome
Mary’s 1550’s subjects were not all radical Protestants but were closer to the traditional Catholics faith -
due to her marriage with Philip II of Spain, she declared war with France because he was already engaged in a war with France. -
it declares the queen = supreme governor of the church -
Bloody Mary died in 1558 and Elizabeth I becomes queen.
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she wanted to unify the church: she reinstated the protestant prayer book of Edward VI ( new version in English+latin)= compromise between protestant and catholic
+ act of uniformity =people must attend church services one a week and use the book of common prayer -
The Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland rebel in an attempt to replace Elizabeth I with Mary, marry Mary to the Duke of Norfolk and restore Catholicism but they are quickly defeated. -
Elizabeth I is excommunicated by the pope for heresy -
the 3rd key plot against the life of Elizabeth , Anthony Babington sends a letter to Mary asking for her approval and advice to dispatch the usurping competitor ( Elizabeth) -
Mary, Queen of Scots, is executed in Fotheringhay Castle at the age of 44 after being implicated in the Babington Plot.
And she was wearing a bright red dress, the colour of Catholic martyrs. -
Philip II supported many plots against Elizabeth
At the same time, Elizabeth supported the Dutch Revolt against Spain so the Spain tried to invade the England and they failed -
- Was king of Scotland before, was the son of queen Mary = reunificated under the same government for the first time. -James has a radical vision of monarchy “ divine rights of god “
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James gets the puritans too have a face-off with the bishops ( leading the Protestant church )= find a compromise -
was a failed assassination attempt against King James I by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby who sought to restore the Catholic monarchy to England after decades of persecution against Catholics. -
Lasting only two months and two days, it saw no bills pass and was not even regarded as a Parliament by its contemporaries= not pass any rules -
James created a new bible because Puritans thought the Bishop Bible's translation ( 1568) bad.
It is the base of English poetry -
kind of important to add to the the timeline because during the Elizabethan period ( sort of gold age)the poetry, painting, music were very present and liked -
- he married the Bourbon princess Henrietta Maria of France.(catholic) -Charles and Henrietta-Maria were the main art patrons of the realm and their reign coincided to the coming of age of a new generation of artists.
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deals with the individual rights, against the king’s provocative. All taxation have to be approved by the Parliament -
dissolution of the Parliament
• “the eleven years tyranny“ -
created by William Laud ( appointed as Archbishop of Canterbury) who had controversial ideas and religious reforms: replacing wooden communion tables by stone altars ( feature of Catholic Churches ) and parishioners were forced to kneel to receive the sacrament= To protestants Laud’s ideas were a return to Catholicism. -
-tensions escalate because William Laud and Charles I try to enforce religious uniformity in Scotland = basically control Scottish church
-Bishop’s war => Charles summons a Parliament to ask for money -
= Charles needed another Parliament because of the Bishop’s War --> this parliament ruled after C1’s death
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was a list of grievances presented to King Charles I of England by the English radical Parliament
• bigger version of the Petition of Right -
the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament
Cause: Charles’s personal mistakes between 1640 and 1642, constitutional issues but above all, religion -
to his own people at Nottingham -
Oliver Cromwell first took command of Roundhead army -
an agreement between the Scottish Covenanters and the leaders of the English Parliamentarians -
Together with an Ordinance of Parliament for the taking away of the Book of Common-Prayer:
And For establishing and observing this present Directory throughout the Kingdom of England, and Dominion of Wales -
Parliamentary army wins at Marston -
The Parliamentarian New Model Army, commanded by Sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell, destroyed the main Royalist army under Charles I and Prince Rupert.
=the “new model army“ won -
a series of discussions over the political settlement that should follow Parliament's victory over Charles I in the First English Civil War -
was a series of manifestos, published between 1647 and 1649, for constitutional changes to the English state -
the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament
a revolve of the Provinces against centralization and military rule -
Cromwell's army defeated the Royalists at Preston, on August 17-19, 1648 -
England entered a new political field: became a Republic.
Monarchy was abolished and the House of Lords and the Anglican Church were suppressed.
+ governed by the Rump Parliament -
The execution was the culmination of political + military conflicts between the royalists and the parliamentarians in England during the English Civil War, leading to the capture and trial of Charles I, -
the supporters of King Charles II against the supporters of the supporters of the Rump Parliament
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the first major battle of the 1650 invasion of Scotland.
English troops, commanded by Oliver Cromwell, defeated the Scottish army. -
head of state, lord protector during the commonwealth
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When the House of Stuart monarchy was restored under the reign of Charles II:
The sudden and unexpected deliverance from political chaos was interpreted as a restoration of the natural and divine order -
come to the throne, was nicknamed “ Merrie Monarch >Charles opposed parliamentary attempts at a wide punishment of the enemies of monarchy
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<> was a proclamation by Charles II of England in which he promised a general pardon for crimes committed during war
= the Declaration promised that, that religious toleration would be respected -
"An Act of Free and General Pardon, Indemnity, and Oblivion"
<> was a general pardon for everyone who had committed crimes during the English Civil War
->only men who had voted regicide would be prosecuted. -
imposed that all corporation members would have to swear the Act Of Supremacy -
was Charles II of England's attempt to extend religious liberty to Protestant nonconformists and Roman Catholics, by suspending the execution of the Penal Laws that punished recusants from the Church of England. -
= restored the old Church.
As a result, about one in five of the clergy were ejected by the end of 1662, and many began to organize themselves outside the church -
all officers had to take the Oath of Supremacy (= swear allegiance to the monarch as Supreme Governor of the Church of England ) as well as subscribe to a declaration against transubstantiation. -
law was extended to all peers and members of the House of Commons. They had to subscribe to a declaration against transubstantiation, invocation of saints, sacrifice of mass = all 3 Catholic articles of faith.
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Part of Parliament tried to impose parliamentary ban on the accession of James.
Earl of Shaftesbury introduced a bill in the House of Commons with the intention of excluding James from the succession. -
• The parliament that had been summoned in 1685 on Charle’s death was mostly Tory and favorable tot he new king= hence its name of “ Loyal Parliament “.
• his agressive attitude towards the Anglican Church was tolerated only because it was clear tool that at 52 -
-Also known as the Declaration for Liberty of Conscience,
- It suspends the discriminatory penal laws and revokes the required Protestant oaths in civil and military offices. -
refers to the events when King James II of England was deposed and succeeded by one of his daughters and her husband. -
"to unite their Majesties Protestant subjects in interest and affection".
It allowed most dissenters – though not all – the freedom to worship publicly. -
Parliament passed “ the Bill of rights under the formal title of an Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subjects and Settling the Succession of the Crown“. It condemned James II’s supposedly illegal acts but went further by pretending that the deposed king had in effect abdicated, leaving a deserted realm no alternative but to seek the protection of the House of Orange.
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put an end to the Irish rebellion -
reinforcing the Bill of Rights agreed by William and Mary in 1689. The main aim of this legislation was to ensure a Protestant succession to the English throne -
main event of Anne’s reign occurred away from England
=opposed France and Spain . -
Even before she became Queen, Anne and the English knew that after her the crown would go to the Electress of Hanover or her own heirs.
= Anne’s reign was one of a limited withdrawal o the sovereign from the affairs of the kingdom. -> reign marked by a fierce competition between Tories and Wigs -
The Scottish Parliament and the English Parliament united to form the Parliament of Great Britain -
is a peace agreement signed between England and France to end a war that began in Europe in 1701.