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Ibn al-Haytham explains how the eye receives light and how light refracts. He also developed pin hole camera and calculated Earth's atmosphere.
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Osman had a dream of conquring parts of Asia, Europe, and Africa and gained power from fleeing Muslims when he was a ghazi. With a huge influx of warriors and growing empire,he conqured the Byzantine Empire.
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Mansa Musa was a muslim and wanted to complete the 5th pillar of Islam and took the Hajj to Makkah with 60,000 people. He carried a lot of with him and when he stopped in Egypt, he only bowed to Allah and gave out so much gold that the price of gold severly dropped in Egypt.
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The Ottoman Empire was in its "golden age" during Sultan Suleyman's rule. He was even name Kanuni – “the Lawgiver” and the empire will last 300 years after his rule.
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The Quran had never changed.