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Evil spirits -
Trephining: a tribal doctor removes the cranium to exorcise demons.
Used herbs and plants as medicine -
Digitalis: to treat heart conditions
Quinine: controls fever, muscle spasms, and prevents malaria
Belladonna and atropine: relieves muscle spasms and gastrointestinal pain.
Morphine: treats severe pain. -
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Health Records: kept accurate health records based on superstition and identified diseases.
Physicians are priests. They healed using medicine, splinting fractures, and used bloodletting. -
Development of acupuncture: learned to treat illnesses with stone tools
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- Illness cause Nature vs. Spiritual: considered medicine an art; first to study the cause of disease and determine the cause is physical. Hippocrates(the father of medicine) brought about the dissection of bodies.
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- Sanitation systems: wore death masks to prevent contraction of infection and bad odor.s
- First to organize medical care and provide medical equipment with their armies to care for soldiers.
- Hospital development: public buildings for the sick were established.
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The Roman Empire was conquered by the Huns (nomads from the north)
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They used prayer and herbal mixtures.
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The bubonic plague (Black Death), smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis. -
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- Universities: used for research
- Dissection of the body was finally accepted
- Books: promoted by the printing press allowed greater access to knowledge
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Studied and recorded the anatomy of the human body
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Discovered the fallopian tubes of the female body.
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Discovered the Eustachian tube; leading from the ear to the throat.
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Used Da Vinci’s knowledge of anatomy to understand physiology, and was able to understand the circulation of the blood and the pumping of the heart.
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Invented the microscope; scraped his tooth and found the bacteria that causes tooth decay.
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Early pharmacies that engaged in trade of goods and spices from the East.
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Discovered bifocals and found that colds are transferable. -
Students attended lectures in the classroom, laboratory, observed patients, and were able to dissect bodies.
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Discovered the element oxygen, plants refresh air lacking oxygen and that it is essential for respiration.
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Discovered the concept of vaccination for smallpox that led to immunization and preventive medicine in public health.
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Invented the stethoscope that allowed doctors to hear the heart and lungs, allowing doctors to determine if a disease was present.
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Identified the cause of childbed fever (puerperal fever), of which physicians did not was their hands. This brought hand washing and cleanliness as an accepted practice. -
Attracted well-educated, dedicated women to the Nightingale School of Nursing of which it became a respectable profession.
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The father of microbiology, he proved that microorganisms cause disease. -
Discovered that some diseases are caused by microorganisms that cannot be seen with a microscope called viruses. Diseases caused by viruses include poliomyelitis, rabies, measles, influenza, chicken pox, German measles, herpes zoster, and mumps.
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Joseph used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs that cause infection, and became the first doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery.
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Ernst developed asepsis, as a result of a method he developed to keep an area germ-free before and during surgery.
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Discovered organisms that cause disease, developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens, and isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. Introduced the importance of cleanliness and sanitation in preventing the spread of disease.
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Discovered effect of medicine in disease causing microorganisms. His discoveries brought the use of chemicals to fight disease. On his 600th experiment he found a treatment that worked.
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Discovered x-rays in 1895, and allowed doctors to see the inside of the body which helped them discover what was wrong with the patient.
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Nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform were discovered that put people into a deep sleep so they don’t experience pain during surgery. -
Discovered that penicillin killed life-threatening bacteria. Prior to this, people died of pneumonia, gonorrhea, and blood poisoning. -
Discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind and determined that the mind and the body work together, which led to the understanding of psychosomatic illness.
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Discovered sulfonamide compounds that were the first medications effective in killing bacteria. Changed the practice of medicine by killing deadly diseases.
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Discovered that a dead polio virus would lead to immunity to poliomyelitis.
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Used a live polio virus (more effective). Used today to immunize babies against diseases.
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Discovered the molecular structure of DNA, and explained how DNA replicates and how hereditary informations is coded on it.
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Performed the first successful heart transplant.
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A pioneer in separating Siamese twins and performing hemispherectomies ( surgeries on the brain to stop seizures).
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