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Industrial Revolution
the time of te industrial revolution was 1750 to 1914.The industrial revolution happened in two phases:the first industrial revolution ,between 1750 and 1850 ,and the second industrial revolution ,between 1850 and 1914 -
Social crisis because of "Les Lumières"
The philosophers of "Les Lumières" are committed to giving people access to true knowledge, freedom and happiness. They question the foundations of religion, challenge absolute monarchy, and denounce social inequalities. They also fight slavery in the name of the principle of equality. A social crisis will emerge as "Les Lumières" question the functioning of the state. -
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Société d'ordre
Social ordering according to which social distinction is based on a hierarchy of dignity and honor. It is thus distinguished from caste societies, based on a criterion of religious purity, and class societies which distinguish men according to their wealth. -
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Cahier de Doléance
To prepare for the Estates General, the French must express their grievances, complaints or requests in writing, in notebooks in each municipality. The clergy and the nobility of course have their say, but also and above all, those who constitute the bulk of the population, the peasants of the third estate. These notebooks therefore allow us to see the state of mind of the French. A further royal edict ordered the electors in each district to compile the "cahier de doléance" -
Louis XVI convenes the States General
They are summoned by the king to deal with a political crisis, a war, a military or fiscal question.Faced with a catastrophic political and financial situation, Louis XVI was forced to convene the Estates General, which had not been convened since 1614. -
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The French Revolution
The French revolution was a period of major social disruption that began in 1787 and ended in 1799 it wanted to completely change the relationship between the gouvernent and the people and to redefine the nature of political power .It proceeds in a back-and-forth process between revolutionary and reactionary force -
Refusal of the vote by head and creation of a national assembly
The states general refuses the vote by head and the deputies of the third states declare themselves national assembly -
Le Serment de Paume
A solemn commitment of union taken at the Jeu de Paume room, in Versailles, by 300 deputies of the third estate, with which certain deputies of the clergy and the nobility join during the Estates General of 1789 -
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The national assembly becomes constituent
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The storming of the Bastille
A decisive moment in the first months of the French Revolution .The Bastille, a fortress and political prison symbolizing the oppression of the French Old Regime, was attacked by a mob composed mainly of "sans-culottes", or lower classes. -
Abolition of feudal privileges was voted
Session of the National Constituent Assembly during which the abolition of feudal privileges was voted. -
Abolition of feudalism
The National Constituent Assembly ,acting on the night of 4 august 1789, announced "The National Assembly abolishes the feudal system entirely ".It abolished both the seigneurial rights of the Second Estate (the nobility) and the tithes gathered by the First Estate (The Catholic clergy) -
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
In Versailles, the National Constituent Assembly discusses the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. It is a preamble to the future Constitution that the deputies are preparing. -
The Women's March on Versailles
The march began with women in the marketplaces of Paris who were rioting over the high price of bread.The crowd besieged the palace and successfully pressed their demands upon King Louis XVI. The next day, the crowd forced the king, his family, and most of the French Assembly to return with them to Paris.These events ended the king's independence and heralded a new balance of power -
Fall of French ecclesiastical power
The president had first put to a vote the proposal to declare that the property of the property of the clergy belonged to the nation. The numerous clamors arose against this proposal, having obviously the majority.The defenders of the clergy, sensing the trap set for them, insisted forcefully that the discussion be reopened on this new question. -
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
It attempted to reorganise and regulate the Catholic church in France, bringing it into line with national values. The Civil Constitution became one of the new regime’s most divisive policies and, over time, an important turning point of the French Revolution. -
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Chapelier law
Law was a piece of legislation passed by the National Assembly during the first phase of the French Revolution ,banning guilds as the early version of trade unions, as well as companionship and the right to strike, and proclaiming free enterprise as the norm. Its promulgation enraged the "sans-culottes", who called for an end to the National Constituent Assembly, which nonetheless continued through the second phase of the Revolution. The law was annulled on 25 May 1864, -
Intervention of Leopold II in French affairs
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia and Hungary, was warned by his sister, Marie-Antoinette, Queen of France, of the preparations for the imminent flight of the French royal family. This new situation puts this monarch under the obligation to intervene in French affairs. -
The flight of Louis XVI
Louis XVI is King of France in 1789, when the Revolution breaks out.
He must then share his power with an assembly of deputies. This assembly votes many new laws that the king seems to accept -
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“The Missed Flight” or “Flight from Varennes”
Important episode of the French Revolution, during which the King of France Louis XVI, his wife Marie-Antoinette, and their immediate family tried to reach the royalist bastion of Montmédy, from which the king hoped to launch a counter-revolution, and were arrested at Varennes-en-Argonne, Lorraine -
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France pass from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy
The constitutional monarchy is a brief period of institutions in the history of France and the French Revolution. Step between the absolute monarchy and the republic.Louis XVI made France pass from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy.This constitution abolished the notion of divine right which gave the king absolute power over France. -
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Beginnings of the French Republic
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Declaration of war on the "King of Bohemia and Hungary"
On a proposal from King Louis XVI, the Legislative Assembly officially declares war on the "King of Bohemia and Hungary", in fact the Archduke of Austria François II of Habsburg. -
The "sans-culottes"
The "sans-culottes" were the common people of the lower classes of France, many became radical and militant partisans of the French Revolution in response to their poor quality of life under the Ancien Régime.The word sans-culotte seems to have been used for the first time on 28 February 1791 by Jean-Bernard Gauthier de Murnan, speaking about a "sans-culottes army".The word came into vogue during the demonstration of 20 June 1792. The name sans-culottes refers to their clothing -
Capture of the Tuileries Palace
“Second Revolution”. Organized and carried out by the insurrectionary Commune of Paris and by the Parisian sections, the crowd of insurgents takes the palace of the Tuileries, seat of the executive power. -
Creation of the Convention.
The monarchy of Louis XVI was overthrown, and a new assembly was created, the Convention. Three major political parties sit there: the Girondins, the Marais and the Montagnards. The latter are the most attached to the will of the people, and ready to radicalize their movement -
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Louis XVI trial
Judged by the deputies of the National Convention, under the name of Louis Capet. -
Execution of Louis XVI
Louis XVI was guillotined at 10:22 a.m. in Paris, on the Place de la Révolution. This was a major event in the French Revolution, and more generally in the history of France. -
Mass arrest of members of the Girondin party
The Girondins, accused of being too restrained, were guillotined in a public square. It was a real bloodbath throughout France -
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“La TERREUR”
The situation of France gives the opportunity to the "montagnards", under the impulse of Robespierre, to go to war against the enemies of the Revolution. During the Revolution Robespierre will impose a real political dictatorship. -
The law of suspects.
On the eve of establishing the Great Terror, the Convention voted the law of suspects. It allows the arrest of those who "having done nothing against Liberty, have done nothing for it." In other words, everyone is threatened.It marks a clear weakening of respect for individual freedoms. The law will be repealed after the fall of Robespierre, on 9 Thermidor Year II. -
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An innovator republic
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Abolition of slavery
A decision issued by the National Convention and voted in Paris The decree decides the abolition of slavery of Negroes (but not explicitly the slave trade) in all the Colonies. -
The Cult of the Supreme Being
The cult of the supreme being was a form of deism established in France by Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution. It was intended to become the state religion of the new French republic and a replacement for Roman Catholicism and his rival ,The Cult of reason. -
The arrest of Robespierre
9 Thermidor, corresponds to the day of the arrest of Robespierre at the National Convention and opens the period known as the Thermidorian Convention. This marks the end of the regime of TERROR -
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The Directory
A political regime of the managerial type. There are five directors, heads of government among whom the executive power and the ministers are distributed, to avoid tyranny. the two legislative chambers, the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Elders. During its four years of existence, the Directory was confronted with royalist but also Jacobin plots -
Coup d'État, 18 brumaire
Executed by Napoleon Bonaparte, marks the end of the Directory and the French Revolution, and the beginning of the Consulate. -
The French Republic signed a peace treaty with Austria
The French Republic signed a peace treaty with Austria in Lunéville.By this treaty, concluded between Count Louis de Cobenz and Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's younger brother, Austria withdrew from the second European coalition against revolutionary France. This is a first success for the First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, who seized power a year earlier. -
The Concordat
Treaty that regulates relations between the French state and the Catholic Church after religious opposition arose during the revolutionary period. Napoleon Bonaparte, then First Consul of the Republic, wanted to end the religious divisions of France. Pope Pius VII wanted to reintroduce the influence of the papacy into French Catholicism. With the Concordat, Catholicism is recognized as the religion of the majority of the French (but is no longer the state religion). -
Reestablishment of slavery
The law of May 20, 1802 (30 Floréal, Year X) was one of the stages in Napoleon's official maintenance or reestablishment of slavery, renouncing the decree of February 4, 1794 (16 Pluviôse, Year II) which had abolished slavery. in all the territories of the French Republic. -
Napoleon Bonaparte becomes First Consul for life
The Constitution of Year VIII then established an authoritarian regime led by three consuls and in reality by the only First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, who would become consul for life,putting an end to the instability of ten years of revolution. -
Civil Code
Napoleon Code, brings together the laws relating to civil law. It is the set of rules that determine the status of persons of French nationality, that of property and that of relations between private persons. For the first time, in the history of France, it standardizes the rules of common life of the French. -
Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed Emperor of the French
Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed Emperor of the French and takes the name of Napoleon I. -
Sacrament of Napoleon I
Napoleon is crowned by Pope Pius VII in Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris. -
French victory at Austerlitz
The "battle of the Three Emperors", a battle between Brünn and Austerlitz. After nine hours of fighting, the Grande Armée of Napoleon I, despite its numerical inferiority, defeated the forces of the Third Coalition, which dissolved following the battle, forcing Austria to sign the Peace of Pressburg. -
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The Russian Campaign and the defeat of the Grande Armée during its invasion of Russia
A military campaign led by Emperor Napoleon I designating the French invasion of Imperial Russia in 1812.Until the capture of Moscow, faced with an outnumbered Imperial Russian army at the start of the invasion, the advantage was with the Napoleonic forces. This is how diseases, winter, but also the Russian soldiers and population, are responsible for Napoleon's defeat in Russia. -
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The 100 days
Napoleon returned to power in 1815 for a short time which ended with his defeat at Waterloo and his final abdication -
The returned of Louis XVI under the name of Louis XVIII.
Napoleon II defeated, the brother of Louis XVI returned to France on the throne under the name of Louis XVIII. He established a constitutional monarchy on the British model. The constitutional text is the charter of 1814. He tried to take on the difficult task of governing with intelligence and justice, respecting the Constitution, but without forgetting who he was: a king. Louis XVIII tries to establish a constitutional monarchy , but will come up against the ultrarealists. -
First abdication and exile to the island of Elba of Napoleon I
After the disastrous battle of Leipzig and following the Treaty of Fontainebleau, Napoleon I was stripped of the throne of France and found himself exercising the title of emperor only on the small island of Elba where he was exiled. The first abdication of Napoleon I is a moment in the history of France which sees the Emperor of the French forced to leave power following his military defeat after the campaign of France and the Allied invasion. -
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The first restoration
The first restoration was a period in French history between the application of Napoleon one in the spring of 1814 and 100 days in March 18 15 it was the reestablishment of the monarchy -
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The Bourbon Restoration
It was a period of French history in which the House of Bourbon returned to the French monarchy. Louis XVIII and Charles X, mounted the throne and instituted a conservative government aiming to restore the proprieties of the Ancien Régime.They were unable to reverse most of the changes made by the French Revolution. Exhausted by decades of war, the nation experienced a period of internal and external peace, stable economic prosperity and the preliminaries of industrialization. -
The Constitutional Charter
The text takes into account the fundamental achievements of the Revolution by proclaiming equality between citizens, the abolition of privileges, individual freedom, personal safety. Freedom of worship is also preserved. The Charter draws the outline of a constitutional monarchy, based on suffrage based on property tax. The king relies on two chambers: a Chamber of Peers which he appoints and a Chamber of Deputies elected to five years. Chief executive holds almost all the power -
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Congress of Vienna
Congress of Vienna is a conference of the diplomatic representatives of the great European powers which took place in Vienna .The victorious countries of Napoleon I as well as the other European States meet to draft and sign the conditions of peace, and thus determine the borders and attempt to establish a new peaceful order. -
French defeat of Waterloo in Belgium
This battle opposed the French army known as the Armée du Nord, led by Emperor Napoleon I, to the army of the Allies, led by the Duke of Wellington and composed of British, Germans and Dutch, joined by the Prussian army commanded by Marshal Blücher. It ended with the decisive defeat of the French army. It marks the end of Napoleon 1st -
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Victorian era
In British history, the period between approximately 1820 and 1914, corresponding roughly but not exactly to the period of Queen Victoria’s reign (1837–1901) and characterized by a class-based society, a growing number of people able to vote, a growing state and economy, and Britain’s status as the most powerful empire in the world.During the Victorian period, Britain was a powerful nation with a rich culture. -
Napoleon's death
In October 18 15 Napoleon was exiled into the remote island of Saint Elena in the South Atlantic ocean with he remained until he died on May 5, 1821 at age 51 -
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Chios massacre
Was the killing of tens of thousands of Greeks on the island of Chios by Ottoman troops during the Greek War of Independence in 1822.Greeks from neighboring islands had arrived on Chios and encouraged the Chiotes (the native inhabitants of the island) to join their revolt. In response, Ottoman troops landed on the island and killed thousands. The massacre of Christians provoked international outrage across the Western world, and led to increasing support for the Greek cause worldwide -
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Revolutionary wave in Europe
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The conquest of Algeria by France
The conquest of Algeria by France is carried out in several distinct stages. It begins with the landing of the African army at Sidi-Ferruch on June 14, 1830, commanded by General de Bourmont. It ended in part with the formal surrender of the Emir Abdelkader to the Duke of Aumale on December 23, 1847. This initial phase of the conquest ended with the submission of the tribes of Algeria to the Royalty and later by the creation of the French departments of Algeria in December 1848 -
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Three Glorious Revolutions
Three Glorious Revolutions, are three revolutionary days that took place in Paris. They led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, headed by the King of the French, Louis-Philippe -
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Queen alexandrina Victoria ( 24 May 1819 – 22 Jan 1901) reign
She was the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901. Known as the Victorian era, her reign of 63 years and seven months was longer than any previous British monarch. It was a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. In 1876, the British Parliament voted to grant her the additional title of Empress of India. -
Coronation of queen Victoria
The coronation of Queen Victoria took place on Thursday, 28 June 1838, just over a year after she succeeded to the throne of the United Kingdom at the age of 18. -
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First opium war or Chinese War
First Opium War, was a series of military engagements fought between Britain and the Qing dynasty. The immediate issue was Britain's determination to force opium sales on China after China's seizure of opium stocks at Canton to stop the banned opium trade, and threatening the death penalty for future offenders. The British government insisted on the principles of free trade, equal diplomatic recognition among nations, and backed the merchants' demands -
The wedding of Queen Victoria
The wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (later Prince Consort) took place at Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace, in London. -
"Spring of the peoples"
Revolution, in France.A revolutionary wave shakes the conservative order which has presided over the destinies of Europe since the fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Insurrections drive out the sovereigns or force them to grant a constitution, establish new regimes based on national sovereignty and fundamental freedoms. -
The provisional proclamation of the Second Republic
Under the impulse of the liberals and the republicans, the people of Paris managed to take control of the capital. Louis-Philippe refusing to fire on the Parisians, is forced to abdicate The same day, the Second Republic was proclaimed by Alphonse de Lamartine, surrounded by Parisian revolutionaries.A provisional government is put in place, putting an end to the July Monarchy. The Second Republic will be marked by its brevity and by the definitive abolition of slavery in the colonies. -
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The French revolution of 1848
The French revolution of 1848 ,also known as the favorite February revolution ,was a revolution in France that ended the July monarchy and established the French second republic explored wave of revolution in 1848 in Europe -
The second republic
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Universal male suffrage
A historic form of universal suffrage in which only men are eligible to vote.In 1848, when the Second Republic was set up, universal male suffrage was restored for all men of French nationality, aged 21 or over, and enjoying their civil and political rights. The electorate then went from 246,000 voters to more than 9 million -
Second abolition of slavery
The second decree for the abolition of slavery in France is signed by the Provisional Government of the Second Republic. It was adopted at the instigation of Victor Schoelcher. The French act of abolition of slavery is the result of a long fight started with the controversy of Valladolid in 1550, continued in the colonies and in Europe, with the Societies of the friends of the Blacks ,particularly. -
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Workers' uprising in Paris
A violent hunger riots broke out in Paris, provoked by the closure of the Ateliers Nationaux. Their very brutal repression consecrates the break between the working class and the republican regime that emerged from the revolutionary days of February. -
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Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte is elected President of the Republic
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (40), was elected President of the Republic by universal (male) suffrage after a violent but short electoral campaign. Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte's landslide victory was part of the first presidential election in the history of France. This election of the President of the Republic by direct ballot of all voters remained a unique democratic experience until 1965. -
Law limiting universal suffrage: “law of the Burgraves”
Known as the “law of the Burgraves”, is a French law voted on May 30 by the National Assembly of the Second Republic and implemented by the President of the Republic Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte .The law mainly creates an obligation of residence of 3 years in the same municipality or the same canton to be able to vote. This measure has the effect of restricting the electorate (nearly a third of voters were excluded by this text from the electoral lists). -
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Plebiscite for the restoration of the Empire
Under the Second Empire, the plebiscite was responsible for expressing the sovereignty of the people, by submitting by vote "any modification to the fundamental bases of the Constitution". A democratic virtue which, however, can only be fully expressed with the instruction of voters, a bias raised by the Republicans. -
A political riot by Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte
An act by which, in violation of constitutional legitimacy, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, retains power a few months before the end of his term.Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte issued six decrees proclaiming the dissolution of the National Legislative Assembly, the restoration of universal male suffrage, the summoning of the French people to elections and the preparation of a new constitution to succeed that of the Second Republic, proclaimed in February 1848 and which lasted less than four years. -
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Second Empire
A period in France under the rule of Emperor Napoleon III .In its early years (1852–59), the empire was authoritarian but enjoyed economic growth and pursued a favourable foreign policy -
Franco-British Trade Treaty
The Franco-British Trade Treaty of 1860, commonly known as the Cobden-Chevalier Treaty, is a free trade treaty between the French Empire and the United Kingdom and intended to abolish customs duties on raw materials and the majority of food products between the two countries -
Plebiscite on the liberal orientation of the regime
The plebiscite of May 8, 1870 was the last plebiscite organized under the Second Empire. Desired by Napoleon III, its goal is to have the reforms initiated by the government approved and to give a new constitution to the imperial regime. It is also for the Emperor of the French to consolidate his dynasty. -
Napoleon III is taken prisoner at Sedan
The Prussians received the surrender of a French army locked up in Sedan, in the Ardennes. They take 83,000 prisoners including the Emperor of the French. Napoleon III sends a simple telegram to Empress Eugénie: "Great disaster, the army is defeated and captive, I myself am a prisoner".This is the fourth time in the history of France that a sovereign has been captured on a battlefield. This disaster marks the failure of the war started lightly by the French six weeks earlier. -
IIIe Republic
Two days earlier, on September 2, 1870, the defeat of the French armies against the Prussian armies sounded the death knell of the Second Empire. From Sedan, Napoleon III sends a telegram to Empress Eugénie: “The army is defeated and captive, I myself am a prisoner. ».On September 4, 1870, the Republic was therefore proclaimed by Gambetta on behalf of the people who, after a day of rioting, invaded the Chamber of Deputies before gathering in the Place de l'Hôtel de Ville. -
The constitutional law
A series of fundamental laws that, taken collectively, came to be known as the constitution of the Third Republic. It established a two-house legislature (with an indirectly elected Senate as a conservative check on the popularly elected Chamber of Deputies); a Council of Ministers responsible to the Chamber; and a president with powers resembling those of a constitutional monarch. It left untouched many aspects of the French governmental structure. -
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The Colonial Expansion of France
Between 1879 and 1914, French colonial expansion was considerable in Africa but also in Asia. In North Africa, the rapid conquest of Tunisia in 1881 was followed by a more gradual conquest of northern Morocco until 1912. -
July 14 Declared a national holiday
Declared a national holiday in 1880, July 14 marks the celebration of the French Republic. It was under the Third Republic through the deputy Benjamin Raspail that the law of July 6, 1880 adopted July 14 as an annual national holiday. the national holiday of July 14 commemorates the two July 14, the storming of the Bastille in 1789 as well as the first Fête de la Fédération in 1790. -
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The Senate opposed women's suffrage
The Senate opposed women's suffrage voted by deputies.This anti-feminist anthology collects declarations or writings by politicians, deputies and senators, from the right and from the left. -
The Jules Ferry laws
The Jules Ferry laws are a pair of laws on primary school in France voted in 1881-1882 under the Third Republic, which make school free (law of June 16, 1881), primary education compulsory and participate in secularizing the public education (law of March 28, 1882). They are associated with the name of Jules Ferry, a Republican political leader at the start of the Third Republic, who notably served as Minister of Public Instruction twice between 1879 and 1883. -
The law on the freedom of the press
The law of July 29, 1881 on the freedom of the press is a French law, voted under the Third Republic, which defines the freedoms and responsibilities of the French press, imposing a legal framework on any publication, as well as on public display. , peddling and selling on the public highway. -
The law authorizing the creation of trade unions
Promulgated under the Third Republic, the law authorizing the creation of trade unions, known as the “Waldeck-Rousseau law”, is the fruit of eight years of parliamentary debate. The first law relating to freedom of association in France, it repeals (in its first article) the famous Le Chapelier law, which had prohibited all professional associations for a century. It is the birth certificate of French trade unionism. -
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The Berlin conference
The Berlin conference ,also known as the Congo conference, regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, coinciding with Germany’s sudden emergence as an imperial power -
The scramble for Africa
The Scramble for Africa, also called the Conquest of Africa, was the invasion, annexation, division, and colonization of most of Africa by seven Western European powers during the New Imperialism (between 1881 and 1914). The 10 percent of Africa that was under formal European control in 1870 increased to almost 90 percent by 1914, with only Ethiopia (Abyssinia) and Liberia remaining independent, though Ethiopia would later be invaded and occupied by Italy from 1936 to 1941 -
Debate between Jules Ferry and Clémenceau about the future french colonization
France's colonial policy is debated in the Assembly of Deputies. The monarchist and Bonapartist deputies are rather favorable to colonization. Republican MPs are more divided. Jules Ferry and Georges Clémenceau are two political adversaries.March 1885, Clémenceau forced Jules Ferry, then President of the Council, to resign. Their opposition concerns French policy in Tonkin. Jules Ferry becomes a simple deputy. -
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The Ministry of the Colonies
The Ministry of the Colonies or Ministry of the Overseas is the government body responsible for the execution of the colonial policy (management of the colonies) then ultramarine (management of the overseas territories) of a State. It is headed, depending on the States, by a Minister for the Colonies, Secretary of State for the Colonies, Minister for Overseas, etc. -
The Fachoda incident
The Fashoda Crisis nearly sparked a war between France and England. The two great colonial powers wish to link their colonies by means of a great railway line: England, from Cairo to Cape Town; France, from Dakar to Djibouti. The town of Fashoda, was located between two planned lines.Summoned to retreat, France bowed and had to recognize British authority over the entire Nile basin. This defeat led to a new division of the African colonies between the English and the French. -
Religious congregations must be transformed into associations
Council President Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau passed a law on non-profit associations. This law establishes the freedom of association but its article 13 makes an exception for religious congregations by subjecting their creation to prior authorization. -
Taught is forbidden to religious congregation.
The Combes government passed a much clearer law: it simply prohibited all school activities for all teaching congregations. The new law also provides for the dissolution of teaching congregations within ten years and the confiscation of their property. -
A cut of diplomatic relations between the Republic and the Vatican
After the 1901 law on associations and its provisions for combating religious congregations. Tréguier ,on July 5, 1904 had a law passed prohibiting them from teaching from January 3, 1905, even if they had permissions. Pope Pius X, elected in August 1903, not showing the moderation of Leo XIII who had advocated the rallying of Catholics to the legitimate regime.The cut of diplomatic relations with the Vatican took place on July 30, 1904 . -
The separation of Church and State.
The socialist deputy Aristide Briand (43) declares the law concerning the separation of Church and State.The law applies to the four denominations then represented in France: Catholicism, the Augsburg denomination (Lutheran Protestants), the Reformed (Calvinist Protestants) and the Israelites. It closes 25 years of tension between the Republic and the Catholic Church, one and the other disputing the moral magisterium on society -
Fordism
Fordism, a specific stage of economic development in the 20th century. Fordism is a term widely used to describe , the system of mass production that was pioneered in the early 20th century by the Ford Motor Company or the typical postwar mode of economic growth and its associated political and social order in advanced capitalism. -
Taylorism
System of scientific management advocated by Fred W. Taylor. In Taylor’s view, the task of factory management was to determine the best way for the worker to do the job, to provide the proper tools and training, and to provide incentives for good performance. He broke each job down into its individual motions. With unnecessary motion eliminated, the worker, following a machinelike routine, became far more productive -
The assassination of François-Ferdinand d'Habsbourg-Lorraine
François-Ferdinand d'Habsbourg-Lorraine , born December 18, 1863 in Graz and died June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo (Austria-Hungary), was Archduke of Austria-Este and Prince from Hungary and Bohemia. He became the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1896. His assassination was the triggering event of the First World War -
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World War I
World War I .Referred to by contemporaries as the "Great War", its belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting also expanding into the Middle East, Africa, and parts of Asia. One of the deadliest conflicts in history, an estimated 9 million people were killed in combat, while over 5 million civilians died from military occupation, bombardment, hunger, and disease.