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The leader of the Roman Catholic Church, Pope Urban II, declared a crusade, or holy war. It's object was to win back control of the region known as the Holy Land, the lan where Jesus had lived and taught. there were nine crusades over the next 200 years. In the end, they failed to win permanent control of the Holy Land.0
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Beginnig in the 1300s, there was a rebirth of learning that is known as the Renaissance. European scholars re discovered the classical texts of ancient Greece and Rome. Artists reflected a new interst in subjects that had influenced ancient thinkers.
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Invented by Gutenburg. More education = cheaper books which leads to more books. Bibles were printed. Cathloic Church loses power. Spreads the Reniassance.
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Since the late Roman Empire, most Europeans had belonged to the Roman Catholic Church. Not all were happy with Catolicism, however. In 1517, a German monk named Martain Luther demanded that the Roman Catholic Church reform.
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More trade routes, school, Henery the navigator, more confidence to explore.