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1500
Animism
The First Occupants were animist. The had respect for nature and believe that everything has a spirit. They only take what they need (do not exploit resources), do not look for profit, say a prayer (spiritual passage) when they kill an animal and use every part of it (nothing goes to waste). Take special care of the animals they kill because they believe the animal gave itself to them for their survival. -
1500
Shamanism
The shaman interprets dreams because he has the most knowledge or closest relationship with the spirits. -
Period: 1500 to
First Occupants
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Royal Absolutism
Absolutism is a political ideology, whereby the ruler was said to receive his or her power directly from God and was God’s representative on earth. The king has the absolute power and decides everything (religion, daily life, laws, colony’s social organization and culture). -
Catholicism and Protestantism
The French believed in the Catholic faith whereas, the British were protestant. Representatives of the Catholic church (missionaries or Jesuits), came to convert Aboriginal peoples, to the Catholic faith, to instruct the population and to make New France a Catholic society. Church had the power. If one did not obey the church, they would be excommunicated. Church consisted of Pope → Bishops (represent pope in Quebec)→ Priest → Clerics (clergymen) -
Period: to
French Regime
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Liberalism
Liberalism is a political ideology based on individuals having equal fundamental rights, including protection from the abuse of the monarch’s (royalty King or Queen) power. Thanks to the press (journals, books, newspaper), liberal ideas spread and soon turned into political demands. In Great Britain, liberalism was at the origin of
a Constitutional Monarchy and Parliamentarism= limitation of the monarch’s power by an elected parliament responsible for representing the people. -
Imperialism
An ideology that advocates the political, cultural, economic, and or military domination exerted by the Mother country on the Colony. -
Period: to
British Rule
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Republicanism
Failure to liberal reform demands (1830) leads to a radicalization of ideas among Parti Patriote, leading to a republicanism.
Radicalization= when you believe in an extreme form of ideology.
Republicanism= an ideology suggesting that people should govern themselves. Republicanism lead to the Patriotes revolts in 1837 & 1838 - to guarantee respect for people's fundamental rights. -
Nationalism
Patriotes republicanism was connected to nationalism. Nationalism is a political ideology that identifies a nation as a group of individuals who share common characteristics and refers to an individual's sense of belonging. -
Anticlericalism
An ideology where people believe that the clergy has no right to meddle in the political life or censor cultural and intellectual life.
Young professionals and intellectuals (liberal) in Montreal found the Institut Canadien de Montreal, which is a place for intellectual discussion. They believed in anticlericalism. This offended the Church and in 1858 the bishop requested members to conform to Church degrees, which caused some to leave the Institut. Anticlericalism was opposed to Ultramontanism -
Ultramontanism
Ultramontanism is a political and religious doctrine where the Catholic church dominates in every way, including political power.
Failure of the rebellions led to act of union (1840). The creation of United Canada made French Canadians a minority politically. English became the colony’s only official language. After 1840, the Catholic Church relied on ultramontanism to increase its power and to become more influential. Church also wanted to insert itself into all the parts of life in the colony. -
Social Reformism
An ideology that encourages social change that fights poverty and other consequences of industrialization. Charitable associations startup made up of women from the British business class, but also from the French Canadian bourgeoisie. Associations followed traditional view of women, whom they saw as mothers and wives. These reformist women believed a part of their duty as mothers, was to concern themselves with education and health (social involvement). -
Agriculturalism - French Canadian Nationalism
The second half of 19th-century, French Canadian nationalism remained survival nationalism. Concerned about the exodus of French Canadian to the US, the leaders of the province saw a return the land as a solution. Agriculturalism: Modernize agriculture and encourage opening up new regions to colonization. -
Period: to
Contemporary
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Church Conservatism
Catholic church promoted traditional way of life and values it judged essential for the survival of the identity and culture of the French Canada. In 1920, the bishop published several letters in which they condemned dancing, movies, and theatre. Tried to close theatres, meep Sunday as a holy day and managed to ban some films -
Canadian imperialism
Imperialists viewed Canada as part of the British empire and believed that English should be the only official language and Protestantism the only religion in Canada. One of the conflicts: the imperialists say that there should be conscription (men obligated to join army) but Henri Bourassa (premier of QC) and FC nationalists say that it should be voluntary participation in the army. -
Capitalism
Capitalism: rich merchants or companies opening a business with the goal of making as much profit as possible. Newspapers made info easily accessible, businesses could then resort to newspapers to publish advertising in order to encourage readers to consume their products. Early 20th century marked by the Invention of the motion picture (first movie theatre in 1906). In 1919, Montreal has a radio station (first city of the world). Hockey is also popular. -
Feminism
Demands of women for sexual equality. Women were limited, they couldn’t vote, considered minority, so they added feminist views to their demands. In 1918, women allowed to vote at the federal level.
Not every single women was a feminist (demanding these rights). Certain women were content with their daily lives and what they were doing. Women obtained the right to vote at the provincial level in QC in 1940. Feminism evolves over time. -
Cooperatism - French Canadian Nationalism
The leaders of the Province still considered “return to the land” as an economic solution. They also maintained that in a capitalist economy, rural life was only possible through agriculture and colonization.
In order to raise the capital necessary for rural development, they counted on cooperatism (co-ops), which would allow for the pooling of savings. Ex: Caisses Populaires Desjardins. -
Socialism
Meant to be a critique of capitalist (businessmen looking for profit) industrial development (capitalism has caused inequalities). Socialists against the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few. No private ownership of business. -
Communism
More extreme level of socialism. Wanted the end of the capitalist system (business) and social classes, by sharing means of production. Everyone considered equal. Ex: Young communist league of Canada (1923), devoted themselves to the union movement in defense of workers. -
Fascism
Promoted the restorations of a traditional order by authoritarian means. Ethnicity: some nations were superior to other, required an all-powerful leader and military life and discipline. -
Secularism
An ideology that maintains that only spiritual matters are within the Church’s jurisdiction; separation of church and state. Duplessis big supporter of traditionalism and lets private business owners do what they want to do. Refus Global, a manifesto that denounced the Catholic Church (wanted to separate church and state - secularist ideology). Federal level Pierre Elliott Trudeau and Gerard Pelletier denounced the traditional values promoted by Church and Duplessis’ national government. -
Americanism
A custom and way of life that resemble those of the US. American culture and ideas are now prevalent in Canada. New habits of consumption (clothing, appliances). In 1952, the invention of television prompted a great number of families to buy a television set along with dances and music and theatre shows. While television spread American culture, it also encouraged the broadcasting of local culture, such as soap operas. -
Nationalization and secularization of education
Jean Lesage's Liberal provincial government first started this movement. In 1961, school attendance was made free and compulsory up to the age of 15. In 1964, Ministry of Education was created to nationalize education, now the church lost its stronghold on education. Religious instruction continued but school was run by the government, not the church. -
Québec Nationalism
The Rally for National Independence (1960) promoted Quebec nationalism. French want independence to promote French language and culture. 1967: Rene Levesque founded Sovereignty Association Movement. 1968: SAM & RIN united which made Parti Québécois (PQ) led by Rene Levesque. They hold two referendums (public vote) to vote on if Quebec should become an independent nation. 1976: Rene Levesque becomes the Premier of Quebec. -
Interventionism
Death of Maurice Duplessis in 1959 allowed governments who advocated interventionism to obtain power. Interventionism: State took control of education, health, and social services and also became active in the area of culture. -
Aboriginalism
Stick aboriginals on reserves. In the 1970s, Aboriginal peoples began to assert their concept of the nation. Aboriginal want their culture and rights in a written agreement with the government. An example of Aboriginals inserting their rights in ancestral lands: the Oka Crisis. -
Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism (new liberalism) is an ideology that advocated a laissez-faire approach to economics, emerged in QC during this period to address concerns about the province's competitiveness in global economy.
