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King Henry VIII was a tyranical ruler of England, who broke off from the Roman Catholic Church and formed the Anglican Church so he could divorce his wife. He killed many members of his council who he felt betrayed him during his life, and had 6 wives, killing two. He brought his country into multiple wars and vastly expanded England's naval power.
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A monk named Martin Luther nailed a document he wrote titled "The 95 Theses" to the door of the Wittenburg Castle Church. The document discussed the corruption of the Catholic Church, especially the selling of indulgences, which absolved the people of their sins.
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This is a book written by John Calvin that portrays an opinion differing from that of Lutheranism and Catholicism in the aspects that he believed salvation was predetermined by god, and no one person can save themself unless god said they could. The dress of Calvanists were simplistic, as were the practices.
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This time frame was when the Scientific Revolution began. The Revolution was a time when machinery, chemistry, astronomy, etc. are expanded, with more scientific knowledge uncovered. The Revolution increased longevity with medicine, and caused many more beneficial changes in the lives of the European populace.
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The Jesuits were a Catholic group formed by the Catholic Church. The Jesuits were famed for their knowledge, and formed many schools. They were a bastion to protect the Catholic faith, as they garnered positivity towards the Catholic beliefs from their education and their preaching,
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The time frame says that it stops at 1700, but it continued on into the 1800s, and is listed as such for the timeline's frame. The witch trials were so people could blame events on someone, such as natural disasters or mysterious death or disease. The witch trials were just murdering innocent girls, and were to help placate the populace and put a face and explanation for the unexplained events of their lives.
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The Holy Roman Emperor who inherited Spanish territory attempted to unite and centralize a major part of Europe, but when that failed and resulted in warfare he decided to give up the fight and split his kingdom between his descendants so there was no conflict as to who inherited the kingdom. Charles V then lived in a monastery for the rest of his life.
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Pope Gregory XIII used Galileo's astronomical finds to create a new calendar still used to this day. He accepted Galileo's work because he was Roman Catholic, and this was before the dispute on Galileo's sacreligious writings, letting Galileo be more widely accepted.
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The astronomer Galileo created a telescope that had the highest power up to his time, which he used to observe the heavenly bodies and record information about space and the planets inhabiting it.
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The Enlightenment was a movement of thought, where people believed in a person's rights to life, and raised questions against the European politics, religious beliefs, etc. The man in the picture is Voltaire, a famous author from the Enlightenment era.
