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height of papal power. He elaborated the Doctrine of Plenitude of Power on its authority, declared the Church's Saints, disposed benefices of the clergy, and created a centralized papal monarchy. The transformation increased secular power but weakened its spirituality
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He declared that the Clergy were to pay no taxes without papal consent
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Batu Khan is Ghengis Khan's grandson
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Under Urban IV. It's the papacy's legal court. It has right to determine appointments, expansion of bureaucracy, and taxes made permanent. It tightened and centralized the Church's legal proceedings.
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short-lived unity of Eastern and Western Church
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Philip the Fair forbade exportation of money from France to Rome, thereby denying the papacy the revenues it needed to operate. Boniface had no choice but to come to terms with Philip quickly
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Viewing English and french taxation of the clergy as an assault on tradition clerical rights, Boniface issued this bull which forbade law taxation of the clergy without papal approval AND revoked all previous papal dispensations in this regard.
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"Listen, My Son". Boniface's bull that was sent to Philip the Fair. it informed him that "God has sent popes over kings and kingdoms"
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Boniface's last stand against state control of national churches. It declare royal, temporal authority to be "subject" to the spiritual power of the Church.
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Philip the Fair's chief minister, Guillaume de Nogaret, denounced Boniface to the French Clergy as a heretic and common criminal. His army surprised the pope at his retreat in Anagni, beat him up, and almost executed him before an aroused populace returned him safely to Rome
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Clement V moves papal court to Avignon. It was situated on land that belonged to the pope and it maintained its independence from the French king.
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The papal court in Avignon which was moved from Rome by Clement V. He made it his permanent residence to escape a strife-ridden Rome and further pressure from Philip.
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This piece written by Marsilius stressed the independent origins and autonomy of secular government. Clergy were to be subjected to the strictest apostolic ideals and confined to purely spiritual functions, and the pope was denied all power of coercive judgement.
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French King Charles IV died without a male heir. English King Edward III, grandson of Phillip the Fair (French King), claimed the throne. French nobles decided to name Philip VI of Valois, Charles IV's cousin, as the king. This starts the Hundred Years' War
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Conflict between England and France
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English victory led capture of Calais.
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After Endward III embargoed wool to Flanders, which caused a urban revolt with merchants and trade guilds. Inspired by a rich merchant and led by Ghent, the Flemish cities revolted against the French and signed an alliance with England, acknowledging Edward III as king of France
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Edward defeated French fleet, but his effort to invade France by way of Flanders failed
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Exhaustion on both sides of the war and the onset of the Black Death forced a truce, as the war entered a brief lull.
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Plague that spread throughout Europe. It killed 3/5 of the population. Easily spread across Europe because of overpopulation and malnutrition
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English victory. French King John II is taken hostage by the English.
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establish 7 member electoral college of German princes to choose the Holy Roman Emperor
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The nobility wanted rights similar to those in the Magna Carta. To secure these rights, they imposed this tax on the French peasants. The nobility forced peasants to pay this increasing tax and to repair war-damaged properties without compensation.
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French peasant revolt due to the taille (tax). It was named after peasant revolutionary, Jacques Bon-homme or "simple Jack". it was quickly put down by the nobility
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Agreement declared an end to Edward's vassalage to the King of France and it affirmed Edward's sovereignty over English Territories in France
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Richard II, grandson of Edward III, inherits throne. (r. 1377-1399) England experienced domestic issues under his reign.
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Pope Gregory XI reestablished papacy in Rome and ended the Babylonian Captivity of the Church in Avignon.
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After Gregory XI's death, he announced his intention to reform the Curia. The cardinals, most of whom were French, responded by calling for the return of the papacy to Avignon. The French King, Charles V, wanting to keep the papacy within French influence, lent his support to what became the Great Schism.
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A time where there were 3 rival popes in power
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13 cardinals formed their own conclave and elected Pope Clement VII, a cousin of the French King. They insisted they had voted for Urban in fear of their lives, having been surrounded by a Roman mob demanding the election of an Italian pope
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Duke defeats Tatarr forces at Kulikov Meadow, a victory that marked the beginning of the decline of the Mongol Hegemony
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a revolt led by John Ball (a secular priest) and Wat Tyler (a journeyman) with other oppressed peasants and artisans. It only lasted 1 year and kept the country divided
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Cardinals representing both popes (Urban and Clement) convened this council to dispose both the Roman and Avignon popes, and to elect a singular pope, Alexander V. Neither pope Urban and Clement wanted to step down. 3 popes were now in rule
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Emperor Sigismund prevailed John XXIII (Alexander V's successor) to summon this new council. In the famous declaration "Sarosancta", the council asserted its supremacy and elected a new pope, martin V after the 3 contending popes had either resigned or been deposed.
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The War resumes under Henry V whose army routed the French at Agincourt. *St. Crispin's Day Speech
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Burgundians closed ranks with the French, promising to bring victory over England. The dream was shattered when the Duke of Burgundy dies.
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Named English King Henry V successor to French Charles VI, both died soon after. Henry V's son, King Henry VI became both King of France and England. However, French people who ignored the Treaty of Troyes, recognized King Charles VII (Charles VI's son) as King of France. The throne would be restored back to Charles VII with the help of Joan of Arc
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She sought to restore the French king's claim to the crown of France. French begins to win
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Joan is captured and burned as heretic at English-held Rouen
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Council directly negotiated church doctrine with heretics. The Hussites of Bohemia presened the "Four Article of Prague". Bohemians were given jurisdiction over their Church. Only 3 of the 4 articles were conceded.
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Hussites of Bohemia presented these 4 articles to the Council of Basel for negotiations. This document contained requests for (1) giving the laity the Eucharist with cup as well as bread; (2) free, itinerant preaching; (3) exclusion of clergy from holding secular offices and owning property; (4) just punishment of clergy who commit moral sins
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an agreement among the emperor, council, and the Hussites gave the Bohemians jurisdiction over their church. 3 of the 4 articles were conceded: communion with cup, free preaching by ordained clergy, and just punishment of clergy and laity for mortal sins
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Conflict from social division in Florence, Italy. Causes: (1) the feud between the Old and New Rich; (2) the social anarchy during the Black Death which cut the population in half; (3) the collapse of the great banking houses - Bardi ad Peruzzi. It left the poor more vulnerable. It established a 4 year reign by lower Florentine Classes. Florentine was not longer stable until the rise of Cosimo de' Medici
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This agreement recognized the right of the French church to elect its own clergy without papal interference, prohibited the payment of annates to Rome, and limited the right of appeals from French courts to the Curia in Rome. In Germany and Switzerland local city governments also limited and overturned traditional clerical privileges and immunities.
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It was signed in Florence. Even though it was short-lived, it restored papal prestige and signaled the demise of the conciliar movement
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English forced back with only having Calais. English lost their claims to France under the weak kingship of Henry VI.
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the fall of Constantinople, made Kiev, in Russian eyes, the "third Rome"
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Brought Milan and Naples into alliance with Florence. these three stood together against Venice, which frequently joined the Papal States to maintain balance between powers. A foreign enemy threatened Italy, the 5 states could present a unified fort
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Issued by Pope Pius II. It condemned appeals to councils as "erroneous and abominable" and "completely null and void"
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Assassination by rival family, the Pazzi, who had long plotted with the pope against the Medici. This made Lorenzo the Magnificent a cautious ruler of Florence
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Pico's work of literature published in Rome. These theses were intended to serve as a basis for public debate on all of life's important topics. It drew on Platonic teaching to depict humans as the only creatures in the world who possess the freedom to do and be whatever they chose, to fly with angels or wallow with pigs
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intended to end perversion of English justice by powerful nobles who swayed verdicts with intimidation and/or bribery
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Ferdinand of Aragon wanted his own possessions in Italy. League consisted of himself, Venice, the Papal States, and Emperor Maximilian together against the French
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After Pope Alexander VI annuls Louis XI's marriage and leave the League of Venice. Louis invades Milan
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strong opponent of the Borgia family, "warrior pope"
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this fully secured the Papal States
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Pope Julius II, Ferdinand of Aragon, Venice, Emperor Maximilian I, and the Swiss. Pope wanted to get rid of French invader.
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in Novara
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satire on the way rulers should behave.
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French armies massacred Swiss soldiers of the Holy League. This is the third French invasion in Italy.
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gave the French king control over the French clergy in exchange for French recognition of the pope's superiority over church councils an his right to collect annates in France. This helped keep French Catholic after Protestant Reformation
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Expansion was threatened by this attack. Many scholars believe that this was the beginning of the end of the cultured Italian Renaissance
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Crossed the Alps and conquers Florence, Papal States and into Naples
