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The Middle Ages was split into three different stages, the early, middle, and late. the late began in 1300 and lasted until 1500.
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Edward I of England invaded Scatland for a second time in May of 1303. This time his goal was to subjugate it to England's total control.
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William Wallace, Hero to the scots, was executed in 1305 by the English.
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The Avignon papacy, also known as the Second Schism, was a time when the pope resided in Avignon instead of Rome. Phillip had great influence in this sp that the Pope would be impacted by the french monarchy. seven popes resided in Avignon during this time.
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Pope Clement V became pope in 1314. and was the first pope to reside in Avignon.
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The beginning of the seven lean years was the beginning of the down fall of european population in the middle ages. This weakend their bodies and health which in turn effected the economy and work force.
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Mondino de Luzzi, an Italian Surgeon who oversaw dissections created his Anathomia, or Manual on Anatomy. This book was the first of its kind which was founded on practical dissection.
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The first sawmill showed up in Europe in 1328. The creation was meant to encourage more efficient ship building.
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The end of the seven lean years was a time of great relief, but it also left behind a very susceptible population.
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The Hundred Years War began when King Philip VI of France attempted to confiscate the English territories in the duchy of Aquitaine. It was a war of chevauchees, sieges and naval battles interspersed with truces and uneasy peace.
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Chaucer, the "father of English poetry," was born in London in 1343. Along with being best known as the author of The Canterbury Tales, he was a poet, philosopher, bureaucrat (courtier), and diplomat. He is sometimes credited with being the first author to demonstrate the vernacular English language, rather than French or Latin.
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In 1348 the Bubonic Plague reached France, Denmark, Norway and Britain. When it began there was no stopping it. It fed off of the already weakend population from the seven lean years, and horrible sanitation in areas of large population. 1/3 of Europes population was killed by the plague.
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Pope Urban V was still at a time of the Avignon Papacy, but he chose to return to Rome in 1367 despite this. The return made a great impression on the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, and The Byzantine emperor, John V, who came and submitted to the pope. In 1370, Urban was disturbed by the threat of war between France and England so he returned to Avignon hoping to end the conflict.
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Pope Gregory was the first pope to successfully return to Rome, which he did in 1377. He did so because Italy had fallen into such a darkness without the Pope, and because of the death of a cardinal, that there was nothing but anarchy left in the streets. Even though the pope thought his return would help, in the end it did not.
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The Papal Schism, or the Second Great Schism, was a time of the anti-pope vs. the real pope. It was put to an end by the Council of Constance, and reformed, making the pope's power supreme.
