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Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.
Motives for exploration: converting Africans to Christianity, making contact with Christian rulers in Africa, and launching joint crusades with them against the Ottomans.
Explorations were concerned with Africa
After his death the Portuguese crown continued to sponsor voyages of exploration. -
Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.
Motives for exploration: converting Africans to Christianity, making contact with Christian rulers in Africa, and launching joint crusades with them against the Ottomans.
Explorations were concerned with Africa
After his death the Portuguese crown continued to sponsor voyages of exploration. -
Born: 29 March 1432
Died: 3 May 1481
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Created the fall of Constantinople.
Brought the Byzantine Empire to an end. -
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Islamic state founded by Osman in north western Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul.
It included lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. -
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First king of the Songhai Empire, 15th ruler of the Sonni Dynasty.
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The Muslim Songhai Empire stretched from the Atlantic to the land of the Hausa and was a major player in the trans-Saharan trade.
Founder: Sunni Ali -
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Africans were ready to negotiate with the royal representative of Portugal.
In the early 16th century, as the demand for slaves for the Portuguese sugar plantations on the nearby island of Sao Tome grew, the king raised the price of slaves and he imposed restrictions that limited their sale. -
Luther was a German monk
Luther objected to the way the new indulgences were preached.
Luther began the movement known as the Protestant Reformation.
Luther insisted that the only way to salvation was through faith alone.
Luther's ideas were able to travel easier thanks to the printing press.
He wrote the 95 theses.
Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X
Protestants rejected the medieval tradition of celibate priests and nuns. -
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Bartolomeu Dias (1450-1500): Portuguese explorer who in the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean.
1488- Dias reaches Indian Ocean -
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Christopher Columbus (1451-1506): Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.
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Started right after Columbus's firts voyage.
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the World following Columbus's voyages.
The Columbian Exchange altered American enviornments.
The New World's useful stable crops had enriched the agricultures of Europe, Asia, and Africa.
The Old World diseases that enteredd the Americas devastated Indigenous populations.
The population changes weakend the native people's resistance. -
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Mongol power dissolved
Moscow became new major city
Major state = Muscovy (absorbed Kiev and Novgorod)
-Conquered Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and northern Caucasus Region
Ivan IV “The Terrible” became Czar (1543-1584)
First person to be crowned czar.
He did not trust anyone.
Many fits of rage (temper).
Russian expansion – eastward, Siberia
Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689):
Chinese-Russian Agreement
Russian lands west of Mongolia recognized -
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Iranian Kingdom established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.
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Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes.
Emperor of the Aztecs, the capital of Tenochtitlan.
Memorable because he was ruling during the time that the Spanish took over. He was made a prisoner in his own palace. -
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French lawyer
Calvin converted to Protestant Christianity.
Calvin denied that even human faith could merit salvation, he believed that salvation was a gift God gave to those He predestined for it.
Calvanists displaced simplicity in dress, life, and worship. -
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Early settlers from Spain created colonial societies based on the customs of their homelands.
Established a Catholic society.
Hernan Cortes (1485-1547) conquered the Aztecs. The Aztecs trsuted him because they believed Cortes was the legendary ruler Quetzalcoatl.
The Spanish successful capture of Tenochtitlan in 1521 was facilitated by the spread of smallpox. After the capital fell, the conquistadors took over other parts of Mexico. -
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The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire; also known as Suleiman Kanuni, "The Lawgiver." He significantly expandded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterrarean.
Commanded the greatest Ottoman assault on Christian Europe. -
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Muslim state exercising domination over most of India in the 16th and 17th centuries.
A land of Hindus ruled by a Muslim minority.
Babur- the founder of the Empire
Babur invaded from Central Asia and defeated the last Muslim sultan of Delhi at the Battle of Panipat in 1526.
Trading economy was based on cotton cloth.
The Mughal Empire inherited from both the Islmaic caliphate and the Mongols. -
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Northern Italy
They distinguished proper Catholic doctrines from Protestant "errors".
Started the Catholic Reformation.
The council reaffirmed the supremacy of the pope.
The Society of Jesus, or "Jesuits", created by Ignatious of Loyola, helped stem the Protstant tide and win back adherents by their teaching and preaching. -
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Sultan of the Mughal Empire in India.
Babur's grandson
Established the central administration of the Mughal Empire.
India enjoyed great prosperity under Akbar's rule.
Akbar married a Rajput princess and signaled his desire for Muslim-Hindu reconcilation. -
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Italian
Part of the Scientific Revolution
1609 he built a telescope that was able to magnify distant objects thirty times beyond the power of the naked eye.
In The Starry Messenger(1610) Galilei reported that the moon had mountains and valleys, that other planets had their own moons, and that the sun had spots.
Theorie's challenged the ideas of biblical authorities. -
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A new military government
Established by Tokugawa Ieyasu
Place: Japan
Gave Japan more political unity than the islands had seen in centuries. -
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Germany
German Protestant vs. Holy Roman Empeor
Resolved by the Treaty of WestPhalia in 1648
Caused long-lasting depopulation and economic decline in much of the Holy Roman Empire.
The wars produced great improvements in their weapondry that arguably made them the most powerful in the world. -
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English Political Philosopher
Disputed monarchial claims to absolute authority by divine right.
He argued rulers derived their authority from the consent of the governed and, like everyone else they were subjected to the law.
He wrote this in his influential Second Treatise of Civil Government. -
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The Manchus took over the Chinese empires, creating the Qing dynasty.
They were of mixed Mongolian, Korean, Chinese and Jurchen descent. -
The Empire was established in China by Manchus who overthrrew the Ming Empire in 1644.
The last imperial dynasty of China.
Qing emperors adopted the doctrine of Confucianism as their official religion. -
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The events of the revolution were bloodless and the revolution settlement established the supremacy of parliament over the crown, setting Britain on the path towards constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.
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Russian tsar
He introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. -
