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The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Army, under the command Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. With this conquest Ottomans became an Empire and one of the most powerful empires, The Eastern Roman Empire fell and lasted.
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Johannes Gutenberg is cited as the inventor of the printing press. I think it was the German goldsmith's contribution to the technology was revolutionary making the mass production of books and the rapid dissemination of knowledge throughout Europe.
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The Aztec Empire was one of the most powerful kingdom of all time. The multi-ethnic realm stretched for more than 80,000 square miles through many parts of what is now central and southern Mexico.
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Bartolomeu Dias de Novais Portuguese navigator and explorer who led the first European expedition to round the Cape of Good Hope opening the sea route to Asia in the Atlantic and Indian oceans. He is usually considered to be the greatest of the Portuguese pioneers who explored the Atlantic during the 15th century.
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The long Reconquista tended to make the Spanish, and especially Castilians, not only strongly devoted to Christianity but militaristic and romantic.The Reconquista was a brutal conflict fueled in part by devotion to Christianity — not just a war between kingdoms but a crusade against infidels.