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Thomas More was an English Humanist. In 1516 he published Utopia. He condemned governments as corrupt and argues that private ownership of property causes unneccessary conflicts between people.
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Martin Luther openly disagreed with many church doctrines. He claimed that the Bible was the sole religious authority.
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Henry VIII defended the church against Luther's teachings. The pope had even granted henry the title "Defender of Faith"
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In the 1530's, the Catholic Church started a major reform effort known as the Counter Reformation. The Counter Reformation is sometimes called the Catholic Reformation.
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Zwingli supported Martin Luther. After Zwingli died in battle, his work was carried on by a protoestant named John Calvin.
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Ignatius de loyola founded the Jesuits in 1534. Six years later, Pope Paul III recognized the Jesuits as an official order of the Catholic Church.
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The Council of Trent met during three different periods between 1545 and 1563. It defined the official church position on matters of doctrine.
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In 1559, another method of combating heresy was introduced by Pope Paul IV. He established the "Index of Forbidden Books". Catholics were banned from reading the listed books, which were considered harmful to faith or morals
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IN 1572 there was a massacre called the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Pro-Catholics forces in France murdered thousands of Hugenots in the massacre.
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King Heny VIII issued the Edict of nantes. This proclamation gave the Hugenots fredom of wrship and some political rights.
