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Preceding Islamic Spain, there resided a Christian empire in the Iberian Peninsula a neglected piece from the splitting Roman Empire. (pict. is first Visigothic King, Walha) -
In the year 711, the general Tariq bin Ziyad invaded Spain under command of Musa bin Nusair, who was pleaded to do so by a Christian chief, Julian, to take down current Visigoth ruler Roderick. (pict. is the Rock of Gibraltar, (derived from Jamal At-Tariq, Rock of Tariq) the first spot where Muslim armies landed in Visigothic Spain.) -
by 720, the Iberian Peninsula was largely under Muslim (then called Moorish) control. (Pict. is Muslim musicians at the court of the Norman King Roger II of Sicily) -
Started by Royal Umayyad Abd al-Rahman, who fled oppressive Abbasid rule in Damascus. He fled the country and wound up in Al-Andalus, reuniting all of Al-Andalus into one territory. (pict is Abd al-Rahman) -
in 1812, Pelayo the Hermit found bones resting in Northern Spain, identified to be Apostle James' bones. This information, when relayed to officials, would be a key idea for the eventual Christian religious reconquest and pilgrimage to/of Spain. (Pict. is is the cathedral that rests there today, Santiago de Compostela Cathedral) -
Rumor that Santiago appeared out of a cloud to outnumbered and losing Christians fighting Moors, beheading them and winning the battle for Christians.
(Pict. is Saint James with sword to behead the Moors) -
Abd al-Rahman III's rise to the throne restores Umayyad rule in Al-Andalus, and Northern Africa, whereas it was noticebaly declining before. Here is when Spanish Islam reached it's greatest influence/power.(pict is map of Cordoba Caliphate) -
with a coup leading to the current Caliphate's leader being assassinated, a civil war broke out between ethnic groups (Arabs, Berbers, etc) as well as warring families, eventually leading to Al-Andalus' break into taifas. -
With the end of the civil war, warring and neighboring taifas began to develop, most of which were known to even pay for Christian help against enemy taifas. (Pict. is many separate taifas in Iberia. -
neighboring taifa's Alfonso VI of Leon & Castile seized and conquered Toledo in two months, with reasonable surrender terms including guarantees for Muslims' lives, property, liberty, and religious expression. (Pict. is the Siege itself.) -
The Almoravid dynasty under Yusuf bin Tashfin fought against Castilian forces (Alfonso VI) under pleas for help by taifa kingdoms, with Castile suffering HEAVY losses. The battle was substantial because the Almoravid's pushback against Christian forces helped greatly slow the process of the Reconquista. (Pict. the Battle itself.) -
Christian Portuguese forces are greatly outnumbered, only winning due to internal Almoravid leadership problems. Afonso I declares himself king of the Portuguese, claiming he killed 5 Muslim kings during Battle of Ourqiue. (Pict. is Afonso I of Portugal) -
Nicolas Eymerich was a theologist and eventual Inquisitor. He is most well-known for writing the Directorium Inquisitorum, a log of trials, trial dates/outcomes, instructions for inquisitors, and definitions of witchcraft, along with when to burn them at the stake. (Pict. is a rendition of Nicolas.) -
Before 1391, In Castile and Aragon, the reputation of Jews was already at an all-time low since Catholics lived Jews killed/crucified Jesus. In this year, however, the violence and anti-semitism peaked, leading to 4,000 jews reported dead. (Pict is a rendition of the event above) -
In 1478, the current pope Pope Sixtus IV wrote a papal bull named "Exigit sincerae devotionis affectus," founding the Spanish Inquisition under the command of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, who were ginormous monoliths of Catholic monarchy in the region historically. This verdict allowed and increased the rate of Inquisition within Iberia. (Pict, Pope Sixtus IV) -
Auto-Da Fé, translating and referencing a heretic burning at stake, first occurred in Iberia in Seville, with six accused heretics found guilty. Supposedly, they were burned at the stake for their crimes, but no source is completely true or known. (Pict is preparation for a heretic to be nailed to the cross and crucified. -
After holding out for so long(specifically in the Granada War, 1482), the final taifa of Islamic Spain, Granada, crumbled. The treaty that Ferdinand offered was generous, granting Moors rights, but only granting Jews the offer of leaving for North Africa within three years, or converting to Christianity entirely. (Pict is the treaty above.) -
Ferdinand II and Isabella of Castile and Aragon, ordered an edict forcing all Jews to convert or leave the country by the 31st of July. This was a shock to many Jews considering the Granada Treaty offered 3 years. By that year, 300,000 of those with Jewish family history converted.(Pict, a Jewish Synagogue) -
Due to increasing distaste for the direction, continuity, and corruption of the current Catholic church, Martin Luther wrote 95 "reasons" the Church was a bad choice and nailed them to the Castle Church in Wittenberg. Luther was not the first, but he was a very large spark for the oncoming Protestant Reformation, shaped by the printing press as well as religious reform. (Pict. is Martin Luther) -
In mid-16th Century Italy, Pope Paul III sought to reorganize and assure Catholicism of all citizens via his Papal Bull: Licet ab Initio, due to the Protestant Reformation. The Cardinals were to oversee Inquisitors, and torture was applied during seemingly guilty acts of heresy before the court. found from Encyclopedia.com https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-mapsxinquisition-roman (Pict. is a burning at the stake)