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Supernatural spirits
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Tribal doctors performed ceremonies to exrocise evil spirits
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Comes from the bark of cinchona tree. It controls fever, relieves muscle spasms, and helps prevent malaria
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Made from the poisonous nightshade plant. They relieve muscle spasm, especially in gastrointestinal (GI) pain
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Made from opium poppy. It is an effective medication for treating severe pain. It is addictive and used only when nothing else will help -
Comes from the foxglove plant. Today it is given in pill form, intravenously, or by injection to treat heart conditions -
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The priest acted as physicians
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They were superstitious and called upon gods to heal them
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The Egyptians were the earliest people to keep accurate health records
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Early medical pioneers learned to treat a variety of illnesses and disease with stone tools, and these methods eventually developed into the advanced practice of Chinese acupuncture, still in common use today
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They were the first to study the causes of disease and to determine that the illnesses may have natural, rather than spiritual causes
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During ancient times, religious customs did not allow bodies to be dissected. Hippocrates bases his knowledge of anatomy and physiology on observation of the external body.
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The Romans learned from the Greeks and developed a sanitation system. They brought I’m clean water into their cities byway of aqueducts (waterway). They built sewers to carry off waste. They also built public baths with filtering systems. This was the beginning of public health and sanitation.
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The Romans were the first to organize medical care. They sent medical equipment and physicians with their armies to care for wounded soldiers.
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Roman physicians kept a room in their houses for the ill. This was the beginning of hospitals. Public buildings for the care of the sick were established -
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When the Roman Empire was conquered by the Huns, the study of medical science stopped. For a period of 1000 years, medicine was practiced only in convents and monasteries. Because the church believed life and death were in God’s hands, the monks and priest has no interest in how the body functioned.
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The primary treatment was prayer. Medication consisted of herbal mixtures, and care was custodial.
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Terrible epidemic,it’s cause millions of deaths during this period. Bubonic plague(the Black Death) alone killed 60 million people. Other uncontrolled diseases include smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis.
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The buildings of universities and medical schools for research
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The acceptance of dissection of the body for study
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The development of the printing and the publishing of books, allowing greater access of knowledge from research
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Studies and recorded anatomy of the body -
Discovered the fallopian tubes of the female anatomy
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Discovered the tube leading from the ear to the throat (Eustachain tube)
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Used his knowledge to understand physiology and he describes the circulation of blood and the pumping of the heart -
Invented the microscope, established lishing that there is life smaller than the eye can see. He scraped his teeth and found bacteria that causes tooth decay
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Apothecaries, early pharmacies, started in this time. In medieval England, these apothecaries engaged in a flourishing trade in drugs and spices from the East
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Discoveries affect us in many way. His discoveries include bifocals, an h found that colds could be passed from person to person -
Students not on,y attended lectures in the classroom and laboratory, but also observed patients at the bedside. When a patient died, they dissected the body and were able to observe the disease process
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Discovered the element oxygen. He also observed that plants refreshed air that has lost its oxygen, making it usable for respiration
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Discover a method of vaccination for smallpox. Smallpox killed many people in epidemics. His discovery saved millions of lives. His discovery also led to immunization and to preventive medicine in public health.
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The first stetho-scope was made of wood. It increased the ability to hear the heart and lungs, allowing doctors to determine if disease was present
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She devoted her life to preparing reports on the need for better sanitation and construction and management of hospitals. Her primary goal was to gain effective training for nurses.
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Identified the cause of childbed fever(puerperal fever). Large numbers of women died from this fever after giving birth. Semmelweis noted that the patients midwives(women who delivered babies but were not physicians) had fewer deaths. -
Discovered that tiny microorganisms were everywhere. Through his experiments and studies, he proved that microorganisms caused disease. He also discovered that heating milk prevented the growth of bacteria. Pasteurization kills bacteria in milk.
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Discovered some diseases are caused by microorganisms that cannot be seen with a microscope. They are called viruses.
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Learned about Pasteur’s discovery that microorganisms cause infection. He used carbolic acid in wounds to kill germs that cause infection. He became the first doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery which helped prevent infect in the incision. -
He knew from Lister’s and Pasteur’s research that germs cause infections in wounds. He developed a method to keep an area germ-free before and during surgery.
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Discovered many disease-causing organisms. He developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens and also isolated the bacterium that cause tuberculosis. He also introduced the importance of cleanliness and sanitation in prevention the spread of disease.
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Discovered the effect of medicine on disease causing microorganisms. His treatment was effective against some microorganisms but was not effective in kill in other bacteria.
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Discovered x-rays. He took the very first picture using x-rays of his wife’s hand. His discovery allowed doctors to see inside the body and helped them discover what was wrong with the patient.
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Before the nineteenth century, pain was a serious problem. Surgery was performed on patients without anesthesia. Early physicians used herbs, hashish, and alcohol to help relieve the pain of surgery. They even choked patients to cause unconsciousness to stop pain. Many patients died from shock and pain. Nitrous oxide(for dental care), ether, and chloroform were discovered. These drugs have the ability to put people into a deep sleep so that they do not experience pain during surgery -
Found that penicillin killed life threatening bacteria. The discovery of penicillin is considered one of the most important discoveries of the twentieth century. Before penicillin was discovered, people died of illnesses that we consider caresble today, including pneumonia, gonorrhea, and blood poisoning
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Discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind.he studies effects of the unconscious mind on the body. He determined that the mind and body work together. This led to an understanding of psychosomatic illness(physical illness caused by emotion conflict).
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Discovered sulfonamide compounds. Those compounds were the first medications effective in killing bacteria. They changed the practice of medicine by killing deadly diseases.
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Discovered that a dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis. This virus paralyzed thousands of adults and children every year. It seemed to attack the most active and athletic people.
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Used a polio virus vaccine, which is most effective. This vaccine is used today to immunize babies against the dreaded disease. -
Discovered the molecular structure of DNA, based on its unknown double helix. There ,keel served to explain how DNA replicated and how hereditary information is coded on it. This set the stage for rapid advances in molecular biology that continues to this day.
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Performed the first successful heart transplant
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Continues to be a pioneer in separating Siamese twins and performing hemisperectomies, surgeries on the brain to stop seizures
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Allows doctors to preform many types of complex procedures with more precision, flexibility and control. -
Electronic medical records are a a big advancement because now you can go online and look at all of your medical history without having to go into a clinic or doctors office and if you switch physicians they can get access to your records easily
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The first Fitbit came out in 2012 and the first Apple Watch came out in 2015. These devices are so useful because most everyone has a smart phone and you can track your heart rate, how many miles you walk, how many calories you ate and etc by just having a watch on your wrist. So I think these are a big advancement in medical history because even for people who don’t like going to the doctor you can still know if your heart rate is to high and things like that’s -
Health care providers use electronic. communications to send important medical information to a patient or another health care provider.
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Trikafta is a combination of three drugs that target the defective CFTR protein. It helps the protein made by the CFTR gene mutation function more effectively