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700
Sunni-Shia Split
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Period: 1200 to
The Ottoman Empire (Gunpowder Empire)
Gunpowder empires used military strength to expand. The Ottoman Empire (OE) was a Sunni Muslim empire that often clashed with the Safavid due to beliefs. -
Period: 1200 to 1400
Incan Empire
The Inca Empire was located in the Andes Mountains. The Incan Empire was founded in the early 13th century and reached its height of power in the 15th century, when it controlled a large territory that included much of the western Andes and parts of present-day Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia, and Argentina. The Incan Empire was known for its advanced system of government and its architectural achievements. The Incan Empire was conquered by the Spanish in the early 16th century. -
Period: 1368 to
Ming Empire
The Han Chinese established the Ming dynasty after overthrowing the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and establishing a new government in China. The Ming dynasty was well-known for its strong government, cultural achievements, and economic growth. The Ming dynasty saw the completion of the Great Wall of China and the construction of the Forbidden City in Beijing. The Ming dynasty ended in 1644. -
Period: 1400 to 1500
The Songhai Empire
The Songhai ruled over a large portion of West Africa. It was founded by the Songhai people. The empire was known for its strong military and for having an advanced government system that included a well-organized bureaucracy. The Songhai Empire declined in the late 16th century as a result of internal conflicts and Moroccan invasion -
Period: 1400 to
Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire declined in the nineteenth century. It was known as a trading post empire, which means that it set up trading posts around the world instead of colonizing, for the most part. -
Period: 1400 to
Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire was a global empire centered in Spain that ruled over a large portion of the world from the 15th to the early 19th centuries. The Spanish Empire was distinguished by a powerful centralized government and a vast network of trade and colonization. In the 18th century, the Spanish Empire began to decline. -
Period: 1400 to
The transatlantic slave trade
The Atlantic slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people, mainly from West and Central Africa, to the Americas and Europe. It lasted from the 15th to the 19th centuries and is considered one of the most heinous acts in human history.
It began immediately after the Portuguese arrived in Africa, but seriously expanded after Native American populations were decimated. Cash crops were profitable, but required a lot of labor. -
1492
Christopher Columbus starts the first of his four voyages.
Columbus was sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, and made four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, the first of which occurred in 1492. Columbus's voyages were part of a larger effort by the Spanish monarchy to find a westward route to the East Indies, and he believed that he had reached the East Indies when he landed in the Caribbean. However, his voyages also led to the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas. -
1492
the Spanish start to conquer the Americas.
The conquest of the Americas: The Spanish were the first Europeans to explore and conquer the Americas, beginning with the voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492. They established colonies in Central and South America, and they were able to gain significant wealth and power through the exploitation of the natural resources and labor of these regions. -
1492
The Colombian exchange
The Columbian Exchange was a period of rapid exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. This exchange was made possible by the voyages of exploration that connected the two hemispheres, beginning with the voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492. -
1494
Treaty of Todisillas
The Spanish and Portuguese divided up the lands of the Americas before they even explored or conquered any of them. In 1494, the Catholic Monarchs of Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, which gave Brazil to the Portuguese and everywhere else to the Spanish. If you think about it, languages are still divided across these lines. -
Period: 1497 to 1498
Vasco de Gama reaches India
In 1497, Vasco de Gama led the first European voyage to sail directly from Europe to India. He completed the journey in 1498, reaching the port of Calicut on the southwest coast of India. This voyage opened up a new trade route between Europe and India and helped to establish Portugal as a major maritime power. -
Period: 1500 to
Safavid Empire (SE)
A Persian Shia Muslim empire that ruled over modern-day Iran and Iraq. It often clashed with the Ottoman empire due to beliefs. -
Period: 1500 to
Mughal Empire (ME)
Another Muslim dynasty that ruled over subcontinent. -
Period: 1500 to
French Empire
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Period: 1500 to
British Empire
The British Empire was the largest empire in history, with territories on every continent. It was distinguished by a global trade network and a system of colonies and dependencies. In the twentieth century, the British Empire began to decline -
Period: 1501 to
the Protestant Reformation
A European movement that reformed the Catholic Church. It was headed by Martin Luther, a German monk. He proposed the idea that people could be saved through faith alone, rather than actions. The reformation led to a split within the church. -
1517
The Ninety Five Theses are published.
A list of criticisms of the church, which included the sale of indulgences. These led to a split in the church into the Protestant and Roman Catholic Christians. -
1519
Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigates, but does not survive the Journey
In 1519, the Spanish explorer Ferdinand Magellan set out on a voyage to circumnavigate the globe. He was the first person to lead an expedition that successfully completed a circumnavigation, although he did not survive the journey. -
The Ottomans Capture Constantinople (1600s)
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Samurais are provided with administrative and bureaucratic roles within the government.
Some samurai were left without jobs. -
Henry hudson
Henry Hudson was an English explorer who made several expeditions to the Arctic and North America in the early 17th century. During his expeditions, he explored the coast of Canada and discovered the Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay. He also explored the Hudson River, which is named after him. Hudson's expeditions were sponsored by the Dutch East India Company, and he made several trips to the region in search of a northwest passage to Asia. -
Period: to
The British East India company
The EIC initially operated as a trading company, but it gradually expanded its influence in India over the course of the 17th-19th centuries. It took advantage of tensions between Muslims and Hindus in India, and it often allied with one group against the other. The company also entered into military conflicts with local rulers, and it gradually expanded its control over large parts of the country. By the 19th century, the British had direct control over all of India. -
Period: to
Tokugawa Shogunate
Aka the Edo period. It was a time of peace, with power being centralized under the shogunate. The Shogunate implemented the Sakoku policy, which isolated Japan from the rest of the world. The shogunate was Feudalistic, with Daimyo being required to spend every other year in the capital. During the Edo period, the arts flourished, and the economy became more industrialized. -
Period: to
Japan isolates itself
Japan initially welcomed Portuguese and Dutch traders and missionaries, then pulled back by banning Christianity and contact with the outside. As they welcomed Europeans, the country experienced a period of cultural exchange and innovation. This was during their Edo period, but in 1639, the government banned Christianity and restricted contact with the outside world. They remained isolated for most of the 17th and 18th centuries in an effort to protect traditional culture. -
Period: to
Qing dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was China's final imperial dynasty. It was founded by the Manchu people. The Qing Empire was distinguished by a centralized government, a social hierarchy, and a bureaucratic rule system. It was also a multicultural state. During its reign, the Qing Empire experienced significant economic, social, and cultural development, and it played a significant role in world affairs. After the Xinhai Revolution, which ended imperial rule in China, the Qing Empire was dissolved in 1912 -
Period: to
The Russian Empire
the Russian Empire was the world's largest country and the third most populous. The Romanov dynasty ruled the Russian Empire, and the tsar wielded absolute power in this autocracy. The Russian Empire was a multiethnic state with over 100 ethnic groups living within its borders. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, which resulted in the establishment of the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire was dissolved. -
Period: to
The 7 year’s war
North of the Spanish territory, the French and British were fueling their rivalry as they competed for land and control of resources. The French aligned with the Iroquois for protection and trading rights. The rivalry eventually popped off as the Seven Years’ War exploded tensions around the world. The British drove the French out of Canada and India after that. -
The Qing Dynasty reopens trafe
After Zheng He’s explorations, the Ming dynasty retreated into isolation.
It wasn't until the 19th century, during the Qing dynasty, that China began to open up to the outside world again. The Qing government was forced to sign a series of treaties with foreign powers that granted them access to Chinese ports and concessions in China, as foreign powers were afraid China would retreat to their isolationist policies again.