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Important People: Converted to Roman Catholicism, allied with the Papacy (His successors were unable to retain his holdings)
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Important People: Reconquered lands in the Western Mediterranean, neglected defenses on Balkan and Near East Borders, compiled Corpus Juris Civile
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Important People/Religion: Instituted Papal primacy over all other bishops, sent Benedictine monks to convert the Anglo-Saxons, allied the Papacy to the Franks
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Important People/Religion: Originally a merchant, when he was around forty he believed he was visited by the angel Gabriel, and that he was chosen to be a prophet
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Religion: Mecca surrenders and accepts Islam
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Religion: As Islam began to gain influence in the Near East, Christians and Jews started to lose rights and were demoted to second class citizens in Muslim-majority areas
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Important People: Mayor of the Palace, brought Frankish lands under his control, father of Pepin who was crowned King of the Franks
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Important People: Grandson of Charles Martel, introduced a system of administration, crowned Emperor of the Romans signaling the continuation of the Roman Empire
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Religion/Conflict: Drove the Muslims from Western Europe, reclaimed Jerusalem, appeal from Byzantine Emperor for assistance against the Seljuk Turks, possible reconciliation between East and West
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Religion: Gregory VII, Popes selected by Council of Cardinals, non-clergy not allowed to participate in clerical powers, pope above emperors, kings, and nobles, celibacy of the clergy
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Religion/Conflict: Sack of Constantinople, beginning of a deep mistrust between East and West, Latin empire inserted itself in East
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Important People/Religion: Father of Scholasticism, attempted to reconcile reason and faith, if reason cannot prove something there is an error in understanding not that logic is useless
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Religion/Conflict: Those who believed things not approved by the Church were considered heretics, heretics were thought to be a danger to all, a sacred duty to eradicate heresy, formed inquisitions to hunt and condemn heretics (Dominicans and Franciscans)
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Religion: Jews considered to be heathens, evil, and were unfairly taxed, expelled from countries, and massacred on many occasions
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Religion/Important People: Stressed personal relationship with God, sacraments not necessary for salvation, denied transubstantiation, followers were known as Lollards
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Agreed with Wycliffe, advocated vernacular translations of the Bible, was arrested and executed by the Church
