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This the period when the instruments and tools for sailing started to developed. The developments helped European countries to reach out to the rest of the world
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In 1450, Italian Renaissance’s idea started spread among European countries. It led to a Renaissance period that occurred in Northern Europe. It was influenced by Italian Renaissance.
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Erasmus was a Dutch Renaissance humanist. Considered as the greatest scholar of the Northern Renaissance and the first editor of the New testament.
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Vast exchange of goods, culture, diseases, and ideas between Europe and the New World, caused by the Commercial Revolution
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Period of 'Hunting Witches' in small towns, using witches as excuses for bad things. Both Protestants and Catholics tried and executed witches.During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries between 100,000 and 200,000 people were officially tried for witchcraft.
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Henry VIII wants the Pope to allow the annulment of his marriage. The Pope denied, so Henry VIII made himself as the supreme Head of the Church of England.
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- Roman Emperor (19 years old)
- Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella/ Maximilian I and Mary the Burgundy
- Ruled Spain, Austria (1519-1556)
- Wanted a unified Catholic Europe under HIS rule
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The Protestant Reformation began with Martin Luther posting his 95 these on the Church's door. The Reformation was soon be continued by other Protestant Reformers such as Zwingli, John Calvin and Jan Hus. It lasted until 1648
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Martin Luther posted his 95 these to the door of the church. These theses condemned the idea of selling indulgences as well as the authority of the popes.
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The Diet of Worms was the meeting of the Holy Roman Empire that held at Worm, Germany. Martin Luther was called for his 95 theses.
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German peasants, inspired by Martin Luther, tried and failed to revolt.They thought they could challenge authorities just like Martin Luther did to the church. The Revolt failed.
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Catholic attempt to stop the Protestant religion and to reform the Catholic church. The decrees of the Council of Trent laid a solid basis for the spiritual renewal of the Catholic Church. Reaffirmed the seven sacraments and the traditional Catholic teaching on transubstantiation.
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- After the Dutch Revolts, Dutch trade, science, and are were superior to nearly everyone else's at the time.
- Do not want absolutism they like constitutionalism
- The wealthy merchants and the wealthy banker have a lot of powers
- The Bank of Amsterdam had been open since 1609 but they were making lots of money and loaning lots of money.
- The Dutch East India Company was born in 1602 but was beyond rich by end of 17th century
- Get involved in the slave trade
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The decree that the leader of a region may choose between Lutheranism and Catholic. Was signed to divide Europe into the Roman Catholic Church and the new Lutheran Church.
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Period of fighting within France between Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots) that results in the Edict of Nantes.Gave the French crown the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots, ensuring a rich supplement of money and offices.
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Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright and actor. Considered as the greatest writer in the English language.
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The revolts of the Protestant Dutch against Catholic Spain ending in Dutch separation from Spain. King Philip II later sent the Duke of Alba to “restore order”.
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- 1572 (Paris)
- Sparked Wave Of Religious Wars In France
- Date when Roman Catholic mobs, during the French Religious War, killed 5,000 to 30,000 protestants.
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The failed Spanish attack on England using naval forces. Because of a storm and new technology and tactics, England won decisively. The war established English as a world power.
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The War began 1618 ended 1648. Started as a war over religion but became much bigger. Ended with the Treaty of Westphalia which proclaimed that all remain states were free to determine their own religion
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An Enlightenment thinker who urged that the role of government is to protect the people from themselves. Used idea of Natural Rights, or rights that everyone should be granted, an idea embraced by the French Revolution.
