-
In 656, Uthman was assasinated, and succeeded by Ali, who had a more radical view of the Islamic Faith.
-
Sunni/Shia resulted in the first Muslim Civil War.
-
After Ali was assinated in 661, but the armies continued their way.
-
Muʿāwiyah then estabilished himself as the first Umayyad caliph in 661 AD.
-
661 - capital to Damascus
680 - assasination of Hussein at Karbala
691 - completion of the Dome of the Rock
696 - coins standardized by weight and appearance, used across empire
732 - defeat at the Battle of Tours in France by Charles
750 - overthrown by Abbasid faction -
Umayyads ruled Muslim Empire from 661 A.D ro 750 A.D, as a result of the Muslim Empire expanding. During the expansion, armies advanced west into Africa, and Berbers who lived along the coast of the Sahara converted to Islam.
-
In the West, the Roman stopped the Islamic attacks against Constantinople in 674 - 678.
-
Parts of empire had different languages - barrier to unity. Abd al-Mali, caliph in 685, solved language problems by declaring Arabic the official language across the Empire. From there he built mosques, and one of the most important building in Islam, The Dome of The Rock
- The borders of the empire became too fixed
- Rebellions happened
- Abbasids murdered all but one of the members of the Umayyad Dynasty, Abd al-Rahman
- Abd al-Rahman goes to Al-Andalus, the dynasty continues 1100-1190 AD
-
After Ali's death his armies continued and then crossed the Straits of Gibraltar. During this time there was a very bitter relationship between the Sunni's, and the followers of Ali, the Shiites. The Sunnis won, and established the Umayyad dynasty, with its capital Damascus in Syria.
-
Together the Muslims moved across the Strait of Gibraltar and conquered the Iberian Peninsula in 711 A.D. al-Andalus - Muslim ruled area in what is now Spain and Portugal. Cordoba becomes the major center.
-
In the West, the Romans stopped the Islamic attacks against Constantinople again in 717 A.D
-
Charles Martel (leader of the Franks), grandfather of Charlemagne, turned back a series of Islamic raids into France in 732 AD at the battle of Tours. In the East, the Islamic Empire came up against the Tang Dynasty Chinese, who were also expanding their empire at this time.
-
1187 - Saladin recaptures Jerusalem
1100-1190 - A Thousand and One Nights first compiled
1258 - Mongols invade and destroy Baghdad, ending the Abbasid-Seliua dynasty -
755 - Cordoba estabilished as Abd al-Rahman's capital
ca. 785 - contruction began on the Great Mosque of Cordoba
822 - 852 - reign of Abd al-Rahman II
929 - Abd al-Rahman III takes the title of the caliph
1031 - end of the Umayyad dynasty
1126-1198 - life of Ibn Rushd, Averroes
1204 - death of Maimonides
1300-1390 - completion of the Alhambra Palace of Granada
1492 - end of Muslim rule in Spain -
750 - Abbasid faction from eastern Iran overthrows Umayyad dynasty
751 - Arab defeat of Chinese army introduces paper to the west
762 - Baghdad becomes the Abbasid capital
813-833 - reign of Al-Ma'mun, founder of the House of Wisdom
ca. 1000 - Shahngmeh ("Book Of Kings") published
1025 - Ibn Sing's Canon of Medicine written
1055 - Seliua Turks gain control of Baghdad
1096-1204 - Crusades (represents the four major Crusades, not the less important earlier and later religious wars) -
Arabs won a great battle against Chinese in 751 but the border stayed about the same from then on.
