The Transformation of Europe By amjlee Period: 1473 to 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus' life Period: 1483 to 1546 Martin Luther's life Period: 1509 to 1547 King Henry VIII's reign 1517 95 theses published Period: 1519 to 1556 Emperor Charles V's reign Period: 1545 to 1563 Council of Trent Period: 1564 to 1642 Galilieo Galilei Period: 1571 to 1630 Johannes Kepler Period: 1632 to 1704 Thirty Years' War Period: 1642 to 1727 Isaac Newton 1648 Peace of Westphalia Period: 1694 to 1778 Voltaire Period: 1723 to 1790 Adam Smith